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NORTH IDAHO

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COUNTIES

STATE OF IDAHO

WESTERN HISTORICAL Pumj>wf»r, COMPANY loon

AN ILLUSTRATED

HISTORY

NORTH IDAHO

EMBRACING

i IZPERCES,IDAH(),LATAH,KOOTE1I^!

COUNTIES

STATE OF IDAHO

WESTERN HISTORICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY

1OO3

PREFATORY.

DN offering this volume to the public, its publishers can hardly hope that it will in all respects meet the approval of those whose golden opinions are so ardently desired. The accuracy and com- pleteness of such a work depend not alone on the conscientiousness and care of the compilers, but more especially upon the amount and quality of the materials which happen to have been pre- served. For months the editorial force of the company has been searching with zeal and avidity for everything which could possibly throw light upon the past and present of Nez Perces, Idaho, Latah, Kootenai and Shoshone counties. Their search has not been as successful as they could wish, but they have done the best they could under the circumstances. It is thought that practically all printed matter which directly or indirectly related to the subject has been examined. Where no contemporaneous printed accounts could be found, the editors have been compelled to rely upon the testimony of pioneer settlers who took part in the events which they relate. In such cases they have, when possible, verified the statements of one man by those of another, knowing how treacherous and deceptive the memory frequently proves. But, with all vigilance, we can not feel sure that erroneous statements have not crept into the volume, and we feel constrained to invoke the kind charity of the reader to the faults he may

The special histories of Latah and Kootenai counties were prepared by John M. Henderson alone; the general chapters on North Idaho and the special histories of Nez Perces, Idaho and Shoshone coun- ties by William S. Shiach, assisted by Harry B. Averill.

The compilers have almost invariably been received with courtesy by those whom they have had occasion to approach, and to all who have in any way assisted, their sincere gratitude is hereby cordially extended. To make specific acknowledgements to everyone to whom they are due is impossible, but we must in a special way bear testimony to the kindly assistance rendered by the committees who have perused the manuscript histories of the different counties, giving us the benefit of their ripe knowledge and experience.

Special acknowledgements are due the Lewiston Teller, the Lewiston Tribune, the Nez Perce News, the Idaho County Free Press, the Grangeville Standard, the Spokesman-Review, of Spokane, the Coeur d'Alene Sun, the Wallace Press, the North Idaho Star, the Moscow Mirror, the Rathdrum Tribune, and to the various other newspapers whose names are to be found in the chapter on the press, for the use of valuable files, without which a work of this character would be impossible. The congressional re- ports have given us valuable assistance, as have also the works of the various geologists who, under the direction of the department of the interior, have made geological and topographical surveys of various portions of north Idaho. Works in the Lewiston, Spokesman-Review and Wallace libraries have been pressed into service, and to the librarians of these libraries the thanks of the publishers is extended. They are also grateful to various state and county officials for courtesies cheerfully accorded in directing the compilers to sources of official information and in some instances making investigations for them.

ENDORSEMENTS.

We, the undersigned, pioneer citizens of Nez Perces County, Idaho, hereby certify that we have read the manuscript his- tory of said county to be published by the Western Historical Publishing Company with histories of the other counties of north Idaho; that we have called the attention of its author to such errors and oversights as our knowledge of events, gained by personal participation, has enabled us to detect, and that we have found it an accurate, impartial and comprehensive history, evidently the result of careful and extended research.

Signed— JAMES W. FOE, . JOHN P. VOLLMER, CHARLES G. KRESS. Lewiston, Idaho, June 1, 1903.

We, the undersigned, pioneer citizens of Idaho County, hereby certify that we have read the manuscript history of said county to be published by the Western Historical Publishing Company, together with histories of the other counties of north Idaho, and that we have called the attention of its author to such slight errors as our knowledge of events has enabled us to

found it an authentic, impartial and comprehensive treatise upon the subject and as such we accord it our unreserved com- mendation.

Signed— JAMES WITT,

CHARLES P. CONE, A. F. PARKER. Grangeville, Idaho, May 4, 1903.

The undersigned, pioneer settlers of Shoshone County, Idaho, hereby certify that they have read the history of said county tion of its compilers to such slight errors as they noticed. They cheerfully testify that the work is, to the best of their knowledge

Signed— EDWARD H. MOFFITT, CHARLES MANLEY, A. D. McKiNLAY,

For the Coeur d'Alenes. I. B. COWEN (County Commissioner),

For southern Shoshone County. Wallace, Idaho, July 25, 1903.

We, the undersigned, pioneer citizens of Kootenai County, Idaho, have read the manuscript history of said county, to be published by the Western Historical Publishing Company. Long residence in the county, deep interest in its progress and active participation in many of the events which constitute the record of its development, enable us to judge fairly the merits of the work.

as a standard history of the county we give it our unqualified endorsement.

Signed— M. D. WRIGHT, J. G. BROPHY, A. W. POST. Rathdrum, Idaho, June 2, 1903.

We, the undersigned, citizens of Latah County, Idaho, having been selected as a committee to pass judgment on the merits of the history of said county to be published by the Western Historical Publishing Company do hereby certify as follows:

We are pioneer residents of the county, have always taken especial interest in its development, and have been active par- ticipants in all events, the record of which constitutes its history. We have read the manuscript narrative of these events and it

liable, and is a standard history of Latah County from the date of its settlement to the present time.

Signed— J. L. NAYLOR,

ROBERT H. BARTON, SAMUEL J. LANGDON.

Moscow, Idaho, July 27, 1903.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTORY.

ospective— Sixteenth Century Explorations in the Northwest— Eighteenth Century Discoveries— Early Commercial En- erprises— Astoria a British Possession — Repossessed by the United States — Superlative Absolutism of the Hudson Bay Zompany— Advent of Methodist Missionaries in the Northwest— The Oregon Controversy— Joint Occupancy Treaty Con- inued— " Fifty-Four Forty or Fight "—Sacrifices of United States for Sake of Peace— Imminent Danger of War with }reat Britain— Emperor William of Germany Arbitrates the Dispute

GENERAL NORTH IDAHO HISTORY.

CHAPTER I. PERIOD OF PLACER MINING.

overies-Indian Legends Concerning Mysterious Treasure— Colonel E. D. Price Finds i Opposition Prevents His Prosecution of Mining — Deluge of Humanity into Nez Perces Country- Indians Unwillingly Sign a Treaty— Steamboat Explorations in 1861— Opening of Oro Fino and Oro Grande Mining Regions — Average Earnings of Placer Miners — Description of Salmon River Mines — Stampede to Pioneer Gulch-Indians Save Life of G. A. Noble— The Dalles Subjected to Mob Rule— The Two Mining Camps of Washington and Richmond— Social Conditions-Lawlessness Punished by Judge Lynch

CHAPTER 11.

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION AND PASSING EVENTS.

Portion of Nez Perce Reservation Laid Out as a Townsite in 1861— Rapid Settlement of the Country Brings Miners' Laws to the Front— Territorial Government of Washington Organizes Shoshone County— Political Agitation for New Territorial Boundaries— Lewiston the Fiist Capitol of Idaho— Details of an Historic Crime— Desperado Lower Demolishes a Camera —Prompt and Effectual Action of Courts Disbands Vigilance Committees— Unpopularity of Union Sentiment in Southern

to the Supreme Court of the United States— Stampede from Southern Idaho to the Coeur d'Alenes— Early Railroad History— Earthquakes

CHAPTER 111. NEZ PERCE INDIAN WAR.

Savages Fa«e to Face with Law of the Survival of the Fittest— Scare in Indian Valley-Council of August 14, 1872— De- partment of Interior Prohibits White Settlement by Order Dated April 30, 1873— Local Effects of the Order— Dilemma of the Interior Department— Letter of Governor Grover— The Wallowa Reopened to Settlement-General O. O. How-

— Massacre on Camas Prairie— Criticism on Generalship Displayed in the Nez Perce War-Chief Joseph Complimented

Cottonwood— Trend of the War Decidedly in Favor of the Indians— Joseph Finally Driven Toward the Buffalo Country —General Gibbon Leaves Helena for the Front— Engages the Indians and Is Wounded— Discovery ot Treachery on the Part of the Bannocks— General Miles Ordered to Pursue Joseph Toward Bear Paw Mountain-Surrender of Chief Joseph

CHAPTER IV.

Growth and Development of Social Order-Idaho Legislature Memorializes Congress-Efforts to Annex Northern Idaho to Washington Territory — Stout Opposition of Residents of the Southern Portion of the Territory — Failure of Congress in

tution— Question Taken to Federal Supreme Court— Transportation Problem— Construction of Northern Pacific Rail- way—Activity of the Oregon Railroad & Navigation Company— Mysterious Pass in the Bitter Root Range of Mountains

PART II. HISTORY OF NEZ PERCES COUNTY.

CHAPTER I.

CURRENT HISTORY.

spires Feeling of Confidence— Year of 1879 One of Progress and Prosperity— Development of the County Under Trying Conditions— Summary of the Year 1881— Murder of Chinamen in 1882— General Miles Expresses Faith in the Nez Perce Indians— Efforts to Secure Removal of County Seat from Lewiston to Moscow— Establishment of State Normal School at Lewiston^Opening of the Nez Perce Indian Reservation— Explosion of the Steamer Annie Faxon— Memorable Mur-

Palouse Branch to Lewiston— Nez Perces County Sends Troops to the Philippines— Gold Excitement of 1877— Roster of Pioneer Association— New County Destroyed Through a Clerical Error— Segregation 83

CHAPTER 11. POLITICAL.

Capture All the Offices But One in 1868-Clash Between Parties on Question of Annexation— Vote on State Constitution —Republicans Memorialize Congress— Official Canvass of the Vote in 1888— Advent of Statehood— National Policies the Issue in Campaign of 1890-Organization of the People's Party in 1892-Brilliant Campaign in 1896 -State Carried by the Fusionists— Official Vote 97

CHAPTER 111. CITIES AND TOWNS.

Lewiston— Blossoms From a Canvas Town-Once a Portion of the Nez Perce Reservation— Incorporators are Hampered in Their Efforts— Indian Situation in 1877— High Water— Real Estate Rapidly Changes Hands— Irrigation Projects Com- municate an Impetus to Growth and Development— Sale of Street Improvement Bonds— Educational Facilities— Nez

CHAPTER IV. THE NEZ PERCE INDIANS.

Traditional and Shadowy History— Indians Secure Horses from New Mexico and California— Expedition of Lewis and Clark —Story of Wat-ku-ese— Advent of Fur Traders into the Northwest— Civilizing Force of the American Missionary- Adoption of Laws for Government of Indians in 1842-Schools and Religious Congregations-Moral Character of the People— Disregard for the Rights of White Men— Commanding Influence of Head Chief Halhaltlossot— Nez Perce In- dians Swindled by Representatives of the Government— Fort Lapwai Indian Training School— A Word Concerning the Later Missions 122

CHAPTER V. DESCRIPTIVE.

Topography —Picturesque Scenes Which Greet the Eye— Nez Perce Uplands Especially Adapted to Agriculture— Net Profits from One Acre Exceed $700— Rev. H. H. Spalding Plants the Vine and Fig Tree of Civilization— The Lapwai Basin— Culdesac Craig's Mountain — Nez Perce Prairie — Statistics — Shipments of Vegetables Amount to Thousands of Pack- ages—Undeveloped Resources— Considered a Fruit Section-rGrape Culture— The Idaho Pear— Climate— Stock Rais- ing— Educational Advantages 130

HISTORY OF IDAHO COUNTY.

CHAPTER 1. CURRENT HISTORY, 1861—1879-.

acer Mining— Captain Francois, Pioneer of Camas Prairie— Exploitations of Seth Jones— Early Experiments in Agricul- ture and High Prices Realized for Products— Inception of the Cattle Industry-First Location of County Seat at Flor- ence—People Administer Summary Punishment to Shumway Jim— Lynching of Peter Walters— Decline of Output of Placer Mining— Rise of the Patrons of Husbandry— Territorial Legislature Awards Camas Prairie to Idaho County- Mount Idaho Chosen as the County Seat— Beneficent Influence of Charity Grange— Inauguration of the Nez Perce Indian War— Roster of Idaho County Volunteers— The Sheep-Eaters' Country— Murder of Peter Dorsey— Lieutenant Catley Proceeds Against the Sheep-Eaters—Ignominious Retreat— Death of Lieutenant Rains— End of the Sheep-Eater War.... 3

CHAPTER 11. CURRENT HISTORY, 1879 — 1903.

tion-Legislature Prescribes New County Boundaries— First Legal Execution in Idaho County— Mining Conditions—

in 1889-Organization of Company C, First Idaho National Guards-Heavy Snowfall in 1891-Boundaries of the County Again Changed by the Legislature— County Seat Contest in 1892— Abundant Harvest Ruined by Heavy Rains— Hard Times of 1893 Strike Camas Prairie— High, Hot Winds in 1894— Capture, Trial and Sentence of Highwaymen in 1897 -Idaho County Sends Troops to the Spanish War-Discovery of the Buffalo Hump Mines in 1898— General Prosperity in 1901 3

CHAPTER 111.

Earlier Records Lost in Scramble for Gold— Unconcern of Miners in Upbuilding a Stable-Government-First District Court Opened in Florence in 1862— Earliest Claims for Water Rights— Official Vote of 1872— Campaign of 1878-Annexation Question Comes to the Front in 1888— County Seat Contest Enlivens Campaign of 1892— Populists Enter the Field the Same Year— Free Silver Platform Adopted by All Three Parties— Strenuous Campaign in 1896— Grangeville Chosen as the County Seat— Idaho a Doubtful County 4

CHAPTER IV.

:rial Development -Elk City— Clear

CONTENTS.

DESCRIPTIVE.

Ideal Field for the Geologist— The Seven Devils— The Bitter Root Forest Reserve— Extensive Bodies of Agricultural Land in Idaho County-The Beautiful Camas Prairie— Scenery in the Salmon River Canyon-Indian Outbreak of 1877— Explorations in the Black Canyon-The Mining District— Lindgren's Geological Report— The Goodenough Vein- Marshall Lake District-Perpetual Snow on Summit of Lake Creek Divide-Many Slightly Developed Claims— Thunder Mountain Region— Description of the Mineralization of This Section— The Bars of Salmon River— Copper Properties-Quartz Mining in the Elk District— Ancient Mining Section of Dixie— The Evergreen Group— The Buffalo Hump Syndicate— Stock Raising, Agriculture and Lumber Industries-Fruit Growing- Idaho County Possibilities for Manufacturing 432

HISTORY OF LATAH COUNTY.

CHAPTER I.

SETTLEMENT.

Formation of Territorial Government in 1863-Pioneer Settlements— Difficulties in Crossing the Clearwater— Early Remin- iscences of Hon. Willis Sweet — Danger from the Coeur d'Alene Indians— Bannock Indian War of 1878 — Rapid Settle- ment of the Palouse Country— Fourth Session of the Territorial Legislature— O. R. & N. Railroad Reaches Moscow- tempt to Remove County Seat— Question of Annexation— Scheme to Elect Two Sets of County Officials 581

CHAPTER 11.

ORGANIZATION AND SUBSEQUENT EVENTS.

Latah County Organized by Congress— The Only Instance on Record— Text of the Act— Appointment of County Officers- Official Report of Initial Election— Population in 1890— Political Campaign of That Year— Pioneers of Latah County- People's Party Enters the Political Arena— Financial Troubles-Changes for the Better-Political Campaign of 1894— Educational Matters— Latah County in the National Campaign of 1896— Patriotism of Latah County in the Spanish War —Prohibition Party Enters the Field in 1898-Tragedy of August 4, 1901-Prosperous Conditions 587

CHAPTER 111.

Moscow— The Pioneer of the Valley— Energy of Man Overcomes Obstacles— Paradise Valley— Indian Troubles of 1877— State University — Annexation Excitement Responsible for its Location — Curriculum — Faculty of the Institution — Ken- drick— Foundation of the Town -Conflagration of 1893— Present Business Development-Genesee-Cdnditions Which Have Brought It From a Small Village to a Thriving Town-Troy—Serious Fire of 1893— Juliaetta «

CHAPTER IV. DESCRIPTIVE.

Agricultural Industry— The "Big Red Apple of the Palouse"— Moscow Country— Wheat Industry— Abundant Yield of Vegetables— Tramways of the Potlatch Country— The Genesee Valley— Productiveness of Soil— Cattle Raising— "The Great American Hog"-Hay-Cereals 6

CONTENTS.

KOOTENAI COUNTY. CHAPTER I. EARLY EVENTS.

County Records— No Old Settlers' Organization-First Voyageurs— Aboriginal Tribes— Jesuit Missionaries— Father De Smet and Associates— Site of First Mission— Old Mission— The Coeurd'Alene Indians— De Smet Mission— Expedition of Isaac I. Stevens— Survey of International Boundary— The Old Mullan Road— Old Trails and Ferries— Pioneers of the Early 'Sixties— Old Mail Routes— Fort Coeurd'Alene 753

CHAPTER 11. As A POLITICAL DIVISION OF THE TERRITORY.

Early Political Affiliations— Creative Act of 1864— Amendment of 1867— County Organization and First Officers— Election of 1882— Financial Conditions-Northern Pacific Railroad— Discovery of Coeur d'Alene Mines— Early Courts— Early Steamers-Election 1884— County Seat Contest 1885— Erection of Court House— Short Crops— Property Valuation— U. S. Land Office— Annexation— Coeur d'Alene Branch N. P. R. R.— Election 1886-Winter 1886-7— Population-Schools and Newspapers— Accident on Coeur d'Alene River 1887— Election 1888 766

CHAPTER 111. As A POLITICAL DIVISION OF THE STATE.

is of County-Great Northern Railroad-O. R. & N. R. R.— Lumber Industry— Political Campaign lie 1893— High Water 1894— Election 1894— Valuation of Property— Populism-Priest River For- est Reserve — Spirit of Loyalty Displayed, 1898 — Company B, Idaho Volunteers — Clash Between Idaho and Washington Authorities— Total Assessment— Campaign 1898— Kootenai Valley Railroad— Collection of Custom Duties at Porthill and Bonners Ferry— Salaries of County Officers— Discovery of Tyson Mines— Bonded Indebtedness— Census by Pre- cincts—Campaign 1900— Construction of Bridges-Corporations—Assassination of Judge John C. Brady— Political Cam- paign 1902— The Alberta and British Columbia Reclamation Company— Property Valuation 1902— Miles of Railroad in County— Progress and Prospects— The Pioneers "i

CHAPTER IV.

Rathdrum-Coeur d'Alene— Sandpoint-Harrison— Bonner's Ferry— Priest River— Post Falls— St. Maries— St. Joe— Ferrell— Hope— Clark's Fork— Porthill— Lakeview— Athol — Hauser— Camas Cove— Tyson— Santa— Fernwood— Emida— Clarkia— Granite— Ramsey— Cocolalla— Algoma— Sagle — Panhandle— Kootenai— Oden— Pack River— Black Tail— Thornton- Cabinet— Leonia— Katka— Crossport— Moravia— Naples— Elmira — Colburn— Urencoe— LaClede— Albany Falls— New- port — Coeland — Cataldo — Mission — Dudley— Lane— Medimont— Anderson— Lacon — Watts — Steamboat Landing- Squaw Bay— Idlewild— Weber— Mica— Len Landing— Bellgrove— Williams— Seneaquoteen 7

CHAPTER V. EDUCATIONAL.

Value of Education— Mission School in 1842— Pioneer Schools and Teachers of the County— But Few Log School Houses- County at First Contained But Two Districts— Sandpoint No. 3— Early Superintendents— Offices of Probate Judge and School Superintendent at First Combined, Later Separated— First Teachers1 Association -First Institute— Early School Records— Statistics 1893— Effects of the Financial Panic— Independent Districts, Seven— Six Districts in the County —Statistics 1902— Districts Benefited by Railroads— Institute of 1902— Higher Education— Schools a Credit to the County , i

CHAPTER VI. DESCRIPTIVE.

Area — The Boundary Line — Elevations — Idaho-Montana Boundary — International Boundary — Geological Facts— Kootenai County Once On the Shores of the Sea— The Paths of Glaciers— Helps and Hindrances to Settlement and Development —Agriculture— Soil— Climate— Pipneer Farmers— Prices, 1880— Values— Live Stock— Patented Lands— Grain Output,

CONTENTS.

1902-Hortic'ulture-Orchards— Market Fair at Coeur d'Alene, 1895— Dairying— Flour Mills— Irrigation of Rathdrum Prairie— Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation— Indian Population— Agriculture and Stock Raising on the Reservation- Government Mills— Recommendation of U. S. Agent, Albert M. Anderson— Lumber Industry— Timbered Areas— Saw Mills and Lumber Companies— First Discovery of Gold— Letter from Captain John Mullan— Mining Sections of Koot- enai County— Railroad Mileage— New Roads— Scenic Superiority— Water Courses and Lakes— The St. Joe River— St. Maries— Coeur d'Alene— Lake Coeur d'Alene— Spokane River— Rathdrum Prairie— Central Lake Region— Fish Lake Tsemini or Spirit Lake— Heyden Lake-Sullivan Lake— Hoodoo Lake— Cocalalla Lake— Mud Lake-Clark's Fork— Pend Oreille Lake and River— Kootenai River— Priest River Forest Reserve— Priest Lake and River— Sportsman's Paradise— Rare Opportunities for Investors and Home Builders g

HISTORY OF SHOSHONE COUNTY.

CHAPTER I. CURRENT HISTORY,. 1860— 1886.

First County in Mineral Wealth— Discovery of Gold in Vicinity of Pierce City— The Moose Creek Mines— People of South- ern Shoshone County Disturbed by Indian Troubles— Home of Francis Carle is Fortified— Talk of County Disorganiza- tion in 1881— Letter of Lieutenant John Mullan — Who Discovered Gold on the North Fork of the Coeur d'Alene? — Let- ter from John P. Vollmer— Spontaneous Growth of Eagle City— Stampede to Canyon Creek and Nine Mile Gulches—

CHAPTER 11. CURRENT HISTORY, 1886—1892.

First Fatal Snowstorm and Avalanche in the Region — Railroad Projects — Construction of Telephone Lines — Increased Mining Activity— Tragedy in Government Gulch— Large Sums Expended in Construction of Roads— Important Sales of Mining Property— Phenomenal Growth of Wardner— Progress and Prosperity in 1889— Railroad Right of Way Becomes Disputed Territory— Agitation for Removal of County Seat from Murray— Fatal Disaster at the Custer Mine Boarding House-Jail Delivery at Murray— Organization of the Mine Owners' Protective Association-Four Men Killed in the Black Bear Mine— Express Messenger Held Up and Robbed— Differences Between Miners and Mine Owners Over a

CURRENT HISTORY, 1892—1903.

Two Official Statements Concerning Troubles Between Mine Owners and Miners— Proposition Rejected by Unions-Armed Detectives Appear on the Scene— Mines Closed Down or Run Short-Handed—Encounter On June 11, 1892, Between Union Men and Guards of the Frisco Mill— Strikers Withdraw— Trouble Spreads to the Gem Mine— Miners Go to Ward- ner and Attempt to Blow Up a Concentrator— Martial Law Declared— Those Active in Uprising Compelled to Flee the Country— Cases Go to Federal Court— Hard Times and Panics of 1893— Industrial Conditions Improve— More Fatal Snowshdes— Canyon Creek Mines Resume Operations— Low Price of Lead and Silver in 1895-Labor Trouoles on the Horizon— High Water at Murray— Agitation for a Division of the County— Masked Men Appropriate Rifles Belonging to the Local Militia Company of Mullan— Murder of Foreman Fred D. Whitney— Gold Belt Not Behind in the March of Progress— The Year 1898 One of Uninterrupted Prosperity— Outbreak of Spanish War Awakens Patriotism of Shoshone County People— Generous Offer of Bunker Hill and Sullivan Mine Owners— Roster of Company F— Demand of Miners' Union for Higher Wages— Destruction, in 1899, of the Bunker Hill & Sullivan Concentrator- Martial Law Declared and General Merriam Appears On the Scene— Paul Corcoran Convicted of Murder in the Second Degree— Issuing of Per-

County— Murder of Eugene Klein— Highway Robbery on Murray Road-President Roosevelt Visits Wallace 10

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IV. POLITICAL.

Organization of County Government— First Board of County Commissioners— Creation of Florence Precinct— Many Office Holders Resign and go to the Mines in 1862— Election of 1864— Decrease of County's Voting Strength in 1874-Election of 1880-Discovery of Coeur d'Alene Mines Transfers Political Power to North Shoshone County— Creation of Three New Precincts in 1884— Mormon Question the Issue of 1886— County Seat Contest in 1888— Triumph of People's Party in 1894— Republican Party Goes to Pieces in Shoshone County in 1896— Close Vote Between Republicans and Demo- crats in 1900— Republicans Carry Shoshone County 10

CHAPTER V.

"Placer Center" the First Name of Wallace-Colonel W. R.Wallace the Founder of the City That Bears His Name— Suffers Defeat in the Office of the Department of the Interior — His Statement Concerning the Matter — Lot Jumping — Report of Governor Stevenson— Alexander D. McKinlay the Earliest Pioneer of Wallace— History of the County Seat— De- struction of Wallace by Fire— Banking History— County Seat Contest— Sketch of Wardner— Discovery of the Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mines— Rapid Growth of the Town— Present Status— Story of' Pierce City-Orofino-Mullan— Murray —Kellogg— Burke— Gem— Kingston— Weippe— Delta— Thiard— Greer— Ahsahka— Lenore 1026

CHAPTER VI.

DESCRIPTIVE.

Boundaries of Shoshone County— General Contour— Climatic Conditions— Conditions and Possibilities of the Coeur d'Alenes — List of Minerals Found in the County — "Tailings" or "Concretes" — Geological Formation — The North Fork Region —Beautiful Weippe Prairie-Discovery of the Pierce City Mines— Outlook for Lumbering— Eastern Canyon of the Clear- water— Mines and Mining— Testimony of W. H. Ross— Output of Coeur d'Alene Silver-Lead Mines— Original Discov- ery of Mineral— Wonderful Canyon Creek District— Nine Mile District— Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mine— Senator Key- burn Explodes a Myth— The Tiger-Poorman Mine— Mines of Mullan-Copper Properties— The Paragon Group-The Standard— Mammoth Mining Company-The Empire State— Hecla and Hercules— Pierce City Mining District—

covery of the Mother Lode— How They Watched the Golden Slab— The Golden Chest— All Along Prichard and Beaver Creeks— Advent of Gold Dredges— Educational Interests of Shoshone County 1048

CHAPTER I.

THE PRESS OF' NORTH IDAHO.

oneer Journalism— The Golden Age— Editor Favourite Establishes the Radiator— Alonzo B. Leland— The Idaho Signal— Lewiston Teller — Destroyed by Fire — Nez Perce News — Aaron F. Parker — Lewiston Tribune — Idaho Free Press The

Editor Adam Aulbach, the Veteran Journalist of the Cceur d'Alenes— Wallace Free Press— The Dunn Brothers— The Wallace Democrat— Editor J. R. Sovereign and the Idaho State Tribune— Cceur d'Alene Mining Record— Orofino Papers— Pierce City Miner and Wardner News— Mullan Tribune— Journalism in Kootenai County— Latah County Press —Moscow Mirror— North Idaho Star— Times-Democrat— Other Papers 12C

A North Idaho Indian Massacre-Early Days of Florence— Reminiscent— 1877— Mooney's Adventure— Death of "Stumpy Wicks "—A Shoshone County Bear Story— Pioneer Baby of Florence— Early Days In Idaho— A Touching Incident— Cceur d'Alene's Pioneer Children— Indian Eloquence— Pioneer Yuletide— " Nigger Prairie "—Expensive Terpsichorean

Salmon River— Idaho-Pioneer Bar of the Cceur d'Alenes— Early Days in Moscow 1220

GENERAL ILLUSTRATIONS.

A Glimpse of the Kootenai near Bonners Ferry

A Portion of Lake Pend Oreille

A View of Lake Coeur d'Alene

Benedict Ranch at the mouth of Whitebird, the scene of Indian atrocities

Buildings of the Idaho University at Moscow 610

Catholic church built on Coeur d'Allene river at Old Mission in 1853 by the Indians and

Jeusit Missionaries. Wooden pegs were used instead of nails to put it together. . . 64

Chief Joseph 70

East View of Clearwater Battle Ground, where thirteen United States soldiers and twenty- three Indians were killed on July 11, 1877 754

Farm of David R. Davis 720

Foster Monument commemorating a scene in the Nez Pesces war of 1877 64

Hieroglyphics on the shores of lake Pend Oreille. Scientists have not yet deciphered their

meaning 754

International Boundary Stone near Porthill. David McLaughlin, one of the first settlers in the valley, and son of Dr. John M. McLaughlin, governor of the Hudson's Bay

Company '. 796

Luna House of Lewiston. Taken about 1868 107

Original cabin of Richard Divine, the first victim of the Indians, killed June 13, 1877. ... 48

Residence of Homer A. Thomas 700

Residence of Washington Wolheter 696

.Soldiers' Lookouts overlooking Whitebird canyon in the war of 1877 392

The buildings used as Governor's headquarters and capitol of the territory of Idaho in

1863, still standing in Lewiston 33

The ranch where H. Elfers, Henry Beckroge and R. S. Bland were killed by the Indians,

June 13, 1877 52

Too-Lah, the friendly Nez Perces squaw, who rode to Florence from the SaJmon river,

miners to the rescue '. 60

View on the Snake near Lewiston 33

1877 ! 427

INDBX.

NEZ PERCES COUNTY BIOGRAPHICAL.

Abel William H	i?6	Brooks Seneber S	PAOK	Davison William H	278
Adams, Milo H Adams, Schuyler J ,.	:;:::*8 — is?	Buechle'r, Mathias '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Bunnell Charles C	100 154 282	Day, Joseph H Decker, Frank J Delsol Louis	291
Altmillar Jacob		Buoye William	146	De Moude, Martin D
Anderson, Edward F	324	Burns, Thomas J	%	Dennis, James. Deschamps William	$
Babcock, Ross S	153 260	Butler, William C Caldwell William A	177	Devlin, Owen Dickinson, Joackiam L Dickinson Oren L	254 194
Baird, Ezra Baker, Andrew Baker Daniel	261 i64	Chambers, Ulyssis S Chandler, Frank Chapman Charles E	215 205	Dieterle, Fred Dill, Benjamin Dill George W	347 154
Banks, Absalom B Banks, James W Bashor Benjamin F	302 154 261	Chapman, Clyde D Chapman, David L Chapman E Clay	281 215	Dill, John Dixon. William R Doggett Sidney J	154 195 295
Bashor, George W Beall, Thomas B Bean Esli W	345 382	Chapman, George A Chase. Elgee C Chasteen James M	170 245	Dowd, Charles Dowd, Douglas V Dowd Matthew	221
Beeman, Rufus H Beloit, George W	:::::!	Chesley, Oscar B Christenson, Andrew O Church David B	270 167	Dunwell, Dennis W. C Durette, Frank	144 217
Berrv, John C Berry, Lowry L Berry Thomas H	:::::$3' 258 256	Clark, 'Louis '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Clark Philander H	148 362	Easter, Levi C Eastman, William A	179 231 293
Bielbv, John Billow, Isaac S	— 251 234	Clayton, William S Cleveland, Ben D	364 349	Edwards, Joseph F Ellis, Pitts	276 342
Billups, John W Black, David Black Henry F	160 348	Cleveland, Presley P Cleveland, Robert M Click Orie W	362 358	Erickson, Andrew J Erickson, Erick Evans James H	320 320 338
Black, John H Blackinton, William M	251	Clugston, Warren	375	Evans, Orin	348 272
Blewett, John L	:::::|	Cole, Benjamin L Cole, Cassius M	278 365 301	Fairley, Earl E	247
Bofferding, Renny J... Bellinger, William Book, Peter Bounds, James L Bowlby Wilson	378 246 i87 ...... 142	Cordiner, Arthur S Craig, Joseph L Crawford, Jervis R Crawford, Samuel M Crews, Bryant M Crow William	160 319 155 309	Fairlev, Oliver L Fanning, Sherman W Pansier, Jesse H Faunce' Charles E. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Ferrall Garret H	252 273 316 $
Bowman, James D Boyd, James W .-	151 185	Crumpacker, William E	335	Ferry, Charles E	310 294
Boyer, Alva Boyer, Calvin Brammer,' George ' w'. '. '. '. ! '. '. '.	237 357 216	Currv, Theodore Curtis, Julius E Daggett, Frank S	369 238 163	Fish, David Flaig, Christian Ford, William	355 298 380 241
Brammer, William Brasch, John Briggs Edson D	369 334	Dale, Charles H Dale, George P Daniels Edward	... 166 166	Fritz, James A Frost, Electus M Frye Charles M	171 206
Brocke, Charles H Broncho, Frank	3^ 141	Davis, Granville O Davis, John B	290 190	Gage, William H	305

Garner, William P	237	Johnson, Andrew M	149	McCarty, Alva T	P220
Gaylord, A. C	244	Johnson, Henry	341	McCoy, Mason S	!!!!.' 196
Gertje, Henry J	?97	Johnson, Miles S	266	McCutchen, Alexander	3i6
Gertje, John H	385		143	McFadden, James W
Gibbs William R	168	Johnson', Philip!.'!!.''!.".!.'!.'	241	McGee, John M
GilTonl. Seth '	363	Johnson, Silas	225	Mclntyre, Thomas C
Gifford, Wilfred L	340	Johnson, Stephen	332	McKenna, John	178
Giles, Charles	335		161	MrUillis, Lonzo	226
Gilland, George	1/4	Johnson, Wylev T. ..'...'...!	259	Meek, Courtney W	322
	269	Johnson, Zephaniah A	224	Meek, Joseph L	168
Gilmore,' George w'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.	164		231	Meek, Joseph L., Jr	155
Glass, Thomas C	235	Julian," Frank W	196	Menges, Charles A	242
Goffinet, Eugene F	373	Jutte, Peter	3^	Merritt, Dexter D	357
Goldsmith, Martin L	192			Mervvn, William J	161
Graham, John D	324	Kachelmeir, Alois...	225	Miles Charles C	283
Granz, John C	164		286	Miller, Alexander	293
Green, Charles W	185	Keeney, Elijah N !	184	Miller, Alfred E
Green, William J	156	Keith, Hollis W	372	Miller, Christopher C	315
Gregory, Austin D	367	Keller, Frank		Miller, Curtis.	329
Srinstead, Charles W	302	Kelly, M. A	!!'.!!! 264	Miller, Norton B	33"
		Kemper, Frank A	298	Miller, Perry E	317
Grostein, Louis	'.'.'.'.'. 255	Kern, Willie E		Miller, Rufus B	277
Gwin, Jacob N	274	Kil linger, John W	255	Miller. Samuel K	1/9
		King, Thomas D	143	Mills. Arthur J	176
Hadford, Gust	376	KniK. William H	349	Minert, Frederick M	37&
Hadford' Louis	^	Kirby Philip R	!i°	Moekle'r. Thomas M	2**
Haeberle, Jacob	;;;;; &?	Kirbv. Thomas	344	Morgan Henry A	!!!!'. 167
Hall, George S	198	Knovvlton, Lafayette	197	Morris, Charles E...'	173
Hamilton, Charles L	144	Kouni, Michael	383	Morris, John B	257
'Hanlon, Thomas O	352	Kroutinger, Alfred W	271	Morris. Mason	i8r
Hardman, Albert C...	370			Morse. Samuel S	303-
Hardwick, William D	336	Lacey, Pearl C	359	Moser, Robert E	358
Harr, Joseph	355	LaDow, Thomas H	298	Mote. Charles W	. 299
	145	Lambert, James	239	Motince, Eben	265
HarriTSF°ra nk E°". ..'.'.'. '. '. '. '.	170	Larkee, John C	158	Mounce, Jasper N	34&
Harris, Edison E	245	Larson, August	223	Mounce, J. Smith	152
Hawthorn, John W	371		295	Mowry, Jacob H	290
Haynes, Loren L	206	Leach, 'Eli A...!	318	Moxley, Thomas C	207
Hcberly, Charles W Hegel, Edward S	205 297	Leachman, John F LeBaron, William	218 337	Mucken, George Mustoe, Albert	!!!!! 383
Heitfeld, Anton	151	Lee, Harold L	303	Mustoe, Henry
Helt, John W	381	Leeper, Charles A	257	Mustoe, Lewis W
Henderson. George M	367	Leeper, Clarence E	354	Mustoe, William	'.!!'.! 189
Hendren. Jefferson D	204	Leggett, Oaky W	374
Hendrickson, Erick	r 323	Lenz, John G	325	Nell sen, John	150
Henry, Noble	182	Lewis. Tohn H	259	Nellsen, Simon	155
Herres, Louie J	241	Little. Charles W	363	Nelson, Commodore B	267
Hilton. Frank W	226	Livengood, John	169	Nelson, Frank
Hobart, James L	146	Lockridge, Samuel	149	Nelson, Horace W	'.'.'.!! 265
Hobson, John W	... 188	Lough, Isaac N	343	Nelson, John M	347
Hoffman, Charles	165	Lough, John T	355	Nelson, Oscar	378
	189	Lowary, Samuel E	361	Xewhard, Charles C	159
HoHiday, ' George °T'. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '.	216	Lowry, David H	292	Newhard. Charles C., Jr	162
Hollidav, William P	327	Lucas, Ezekiel	213	Nichols, Elmer D	209
Holt. Samuel	279	Lucas, Lee	236		1/6
Hoslev, Herbert T	302	Lydon, James R .'.	269	Norton, Cyrus
Huber, Andrew.'	209			Nosbisdi, Jacob
lluckal.ay. Robert E. L	198	Mabbott, Ernest C	300	Nugent. Owen	37&
Hunt, Warren P	376	Mabbott. Thomas J. S		Nye, Michael N	307
		Mael, Amos	351
Inghram, John F	240	Malmoe, Martin B	234	Oderkirk. Albert
Inghram. Robert L	240	Manning, Fred M	214	Olsen, Ole	343
Ingle, Charles S	156	Manning, George A	262	Olson, Erlan
Ingle, William" A	171	Vfarkwell, Charles A	291	Orbison, J. Telford	213
Isaman, Samuel G	353	\lathison, Chris	159
		Marker, James		Pahl, George	235
Jacks, Benjamin F	.... 264	Markliam, Samuel J	339	Palmer, Benoni	.:... 386
Jacks, James S	350	Marshall, Abraham J	331	Parker, Ernest L	218
Jackson, John C	•--• 315	Marshall, Samuel W	225	Patterson, Samuel	139
Jacques, Stephen	140	Martin, Joel D	191	I'eden. William M	.... 278
Tarbo, Godfrey.... -,	.... 326	Martin, William B	193	Pelton. Oscar
John, David E	151	Maynard, Frank, Jr	342	Pennell, Robert L	247
Johnson, Adams G Johnson. Andrew C	.... 287 ... 238	Maynard, Thaddeus T. ..... A [a vs. Lee	177 . . . 2^1	Peterson, J. C Philipi, John T....	147 ... 252

Phinney, Samuel 332	Simmons, Lewis A 314	Triplett, Jefferson D 284
Pliter, George W 227 Pollock, Alaxander 319 Pomeroy Francis F 325	Skinner, William H 266 Skow, Nels P 282	Tumelson, Jesse E 35I Tumelson, William O 348
Pomeroy, John F 327 Pool, Solomon J 37O	Small, Ira 189 Smith, George A 200 Smith Hilbert B 280	Tyler, James S 328 Underwood, George W 249 Unzicker, John S 199 Utt, John H : 254
Porter' SarrTuel 364	Smith, Phillip S 139
Potter! Lattin L.' '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 178 Powell, John H 312 Powers, John F 271 Preisinger, Ferdinand B 235 Fribble, G. E 279	Smith, William A.... . . . 186 Snyder, Mortimer A 263 Southwick, Stephen R 227 Spekker, Staas 379 Soenslev. Victor 281 Spiw Elra L 181	Utt, Rufus W 354 Vadriey, Emanuel ; Ip7 Vaver, Alexander H 260 Vollmer, John P I37 Waide, William C . ->7l Walker, Charles L 286 Wan"' JC,meseSHA T2
Puntenney, Charles S 322 Rainville Joseph 229	Spivv, Minor 182 Springston, John T 219 Squier, Hazen 368
Ramcv. William J 285 Ratcliffe, I. N 147 Ratcliffe, William E 250 Rawnsley, Joseph 310 Reese, William B 275 Reeves, Enoch S 365 Renshaw, Robert H 326 Reynold Thomas F 386	Stach, Joseph 300 Stacy, Arthur S 243 Staley, Abraham L 328 Stanley, Horace 269 Starcher, Lafayette 331 Starrier, Daniel S 333 Stearns, Clay M 311 Steel, Wesley 308 Steele, Major J 380 Steele, Robert H 360 Stellmon, Charles F 332 Stellmon, George W 191 Stellmon John F . . 237	Warlick, Lawson W.... ... 366 Warren, Felix... ?5O Waters, Eddy H, 103 Watts, Edward E 350 Wayne, George W 159 Webber, Jerry 181 Weeks, Elmer ;.... 323 Wells. Riclianl 208 Whaley, Albert D '.. ...351 Wheat. Tames M 292 Whitcomb, James W 248 White, George W. S 311 White John W 181
Richardson, Aaron J 222 Richardson, Amos K 158 Richardson, Caleb W 219 Richardson, George L .-.. 223
Riffy, William j ?66 Robbins, Andrew E 169 Roberts George A 367	Stellmon, Melvin S 218 Stephenson, Thomas „. 230 Stevens DeWitt 321	White. 'William •...." 353 Whitson, William N 186 Wiggin. Edward L . 202 Wildenthaler, Seraphin 268 Wilks, John V ... 299 Williams Albert 204 Williams, Charles E 314 WiHiams, David S ... 345 Williams, Edward G 277 Williams, Tesse P 173 Willis, Frank B ... 247 Willows, James F 162 Wilson, Benjamin E 145
Robnett, Jennie M 262 Rogers, Alvah T 359 Rogers, Frederic S 179 Rogers, Henry J 306	Stevens, George G 321 Stevens, George W 339 Stevens, John D 341 Stevens,- Lewis D 296 Stevenson William 250
Root, Emerson T 199 Rowe, Lee J 334 Rnchert, Fred 274 Rtiddell, George H 230	Stoddard, William E 174 Stoneburner, Joseph W. 172 Stranahan, Clinton T 142 Strouse, Jay W 344 Sullivan, Thomas 234
Rupe,. Smith 377 Sampson, Charles C 339 Sanders, Lewis 263 Sanford, John L 317 Saunders, Charles C 202 Schaefer, Jacob 244 Schfldrnan, Henry H" '. '.'.'.'.'.'.'. '. '.'.'.'. 141 Schluetcr, Theodore 173 Schnebly, William E 268 Schultz, Joseph A 232 Schwartz, Charles 158 Scott Isaac 215	Swenson, Swen 1 384 Taber, James M 377 Tannahill, George W 246 Tatko, George E 303 Tavis, William 148 Tefft, Bertram W : 273 Tellier Isaac 287	Wilson, Nathaniel ... 323 Wilson, William T 309 Wimpy, Thomas j. . . . : 212 Wing, Daniel M 196 Wisner, Albert G 288 Wissink. John 231 Wolfe, John R 253 Wood, Joseph P 228 Woodin, Frank W 356 Wortman. Charles B 203 Wright, Charles W 273 Wright, Davis S 296 Wright, John G 236 Wright, Nahaniel T 333 Wright, Robert M 284 Wright, William A 166
Tcsterman, William A 248 Thain, John 183 Thatcher William 368
Thomas, Charles D , . . 294 Thompson, Clara J. 346 Thompson, Joseph A 229 Thompson, S. Leslie 152 Thompson, Thomas H 304 Thompson, William L 172 Thornton', Leon M 338 Thornton, Orville G 239 Tiede, Charles R, 366 Tiede, Herman L 372 Timberlake, William E 267 Timmons, William 177 Trimble, Hank 258
Scott, James R 190 Sears Fred B 249
Shaffer, Joseph E ... 313 Sharp, Manley 1 186 Shaw; James 188 Shawley, William F 313 Shelburn, Hardy W 252	Wright, William W.... .'.'.' 175 Wyman, George H 285 Wyman, Philip 194 Yager, Walter E 379 York, Daniel W 295 Young, William H 280 Ziver, Joseph 309
Sheppard, Charles J 329 Shortlidge, Allen J 375
Simmons, Joseph S 300

NEZ PERCES COUNTY PORTRAITS.

Beeman, Rufus H.... Benson, Charles D Benson, Mrs. Charles D Bielby, John Billups, John W Billups, Mrs. John W Black- Henry F	.... 256 .... 304 ::::S 160 .... 160	Green, Charles W Green, Mrs. Charles W Hanlon, Thomas O Hendrickson, Erick Holliday, George T Hunt Warren P	.... 184 .... 184 .... 352 .... 320 216 376	Powell, John H Puntenney, Charles S Ratcliffe, William E Schultz, Joseph A. ... Sears Fred B	.... 312 .... 248 •-*%
Black, Mrs. Henry F Black, John H	::::!		.... 240	Squier, Hazen Stellmon George W	.:::368
Blewett, John L Blewett, Mrs. Lily M Bowlby, Wilson Boyd, James W Chapman, Charles E Chapman, Mrs. Charles E... Clark Louis	:::: 14 — " 232 .... i84 .... 304 — 304	Isaman, 's. G Jacks, Benjamin F Johnson, William F Johnson, Mrs. William F Jutte Peter	240 • ••• 352 .... 264 160 .... 160 224	Stevens, DeWitt Stevens, George G Stevenson, William Tefft, Bertram W.... Tefft, Mrs. Bertram W Testerman, William A.... Thompson Thomas H	.... 320 .... 320 .... 248 .... 272 — 272 ....248
Click, Orie W Dunwell, Dennis W. C Erickson, Andrew J	.... 320 — 144 .... 320	Keenev, Elijah N.... Keeney, Mrs. Elijah N Leeper Charles A	.... 184 .... 184	Underwood, George W Vollmer, John P	.... 248 .... 137
Erickson. Erick Evans, William M	.... 320 .... 272		.... 232	Wann, James H Wells, Richard	::::%
Evans, Mrs. William M Fansler, Jesse H Faunce, Chales E	.... 272 ::::3	Martin, Joel D Martin, William B Meek, Courtney W Meek, Joseph L Mockler, Thomas M	.... 191 191 320 .... 168	Whitcomb, James W Whitcomb, Mrs. James W. . . . White, John W Wisner, Albert G	.... 208 .... 248 .... 248 ::i;I
Gage, William H Gage Mrs William H	.... 304	Mounce, J. Smith	.... 152	Wright, Charles W	— 272
Goldsmith, Martin L Goldsmith, Mrs.' Martin L...	— -191 .... 191	Northcutt, Edward J	.... 176	Young, William H	.... 280

IDAHO COUNTY BIOGRAPHICAL.

Adkison, John R	T	Brown William G	PAGE	Crea John W	PAGE
Adslry, Elijah	557	Bruner, Lewis A	531	Crosby, Burt L	520
Ailshe, James F	550		517	Curtis, A. Fred	520
Alkire, George S	538	l!u,-u,].,rf. Fred C ."..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.	575
Aram, James H	483	Butcher, Eben W	540	Dallas, Green W....	462
Arbogast, H. S	539			Davis, Fred A	523
Aschenbretmer, Peter	505	Calder, Henry R	472	Davis, Theodore E	479
Austin, Jesse G	468	Campbell, Charles M	464	Deardorff, Everett G	470
		Canfield, Oscar F	486	Deasy, John	535
Bales, Thomas W....	494	Carlson, Andrew J	525		502
Bartley, A. D	455	Carothers, Thomas H	556	DePartee' Roy. ..'.'".'." /'.!'.!	558
Beede, John E	536	Carver," Amos	552	Dillinger, Samson	550
Bentley, Orren	518	Casady, William H	516	Dixon, Jesse M	488
Bernthal, Frederic	503	Castle, Levi	§60	Doss, John C	490
Bernthal, Joh'n M		Chadwick Lawrence C	489
Bibb, Robert M HMM>, Alfred H	544	Chamberlain, J. B Chase, Edwin I	542 507	Duncan, George W.... Dunham, Charles W	....'.'. 480
Bowman, William W	529	Clarke, Wellington M	...... 477	Dunn, Joseph W	545
Braekett, Charles D	;;::;:: 466	Clay, Hershel H	554	Durant, Magnus J	497
Brady, Hugh..., Briggs, Phoenix R	501	Cone, Cha.rles P Conklin, George N	549 457	Eckert, Jacob L	552
Brockenour, Peter	'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 538		452	Eckland," Telon E	518
Brown; Benjamin P	463	Cooper, Richard P..... '. '. '. '.	.546	Elfers, Henry J	451
Brown, Charles F	563	Coram, William	493	Elfers, Henry J., Jr	535
Brown, Charles F .-.	504	Corbett, Paul F	481	Eller, Joseph M	482
Brown Frank		Cowgill George A	498	Evans Oscar M	461
Brown, Loyal P	574	Craig, Stonewall J	470
Brown, Rollin C	560	Cramblit, John T	466	Farmer. Jesse	530

Ferree James E	490	Lyon, John	454	Riggins, Richard L Riggle, Allen L	•-s
Fitzgerald, Edmond	.... 547 .... 471	Mackie, John	578	Robie, Edward W Robbins Hiram	464
Fodder, Joshua' S .'.'.'.'.' '. '.'.'..'.. Foster, Albert D	527 579	vlahurin, Stephen K Markham, Harry V Vlartin, Morgan L	SOD 534	Rogers, Barney R Rossiter, George	465 468
			508	Schneider, David	501
Gage, Marcus E Gallaway, Albert Gallaway, George M	555 469	Mattox, William w''..' McConnell, James R McDermid, Hugh M	471 517	Sewell, AddisonD Sharp, Levi Sheer, George	547 543 527
Gallaway, Sherman S Gallaway, Thomas B Garber, Jacob C Gee, Everett	544 '.'.'..'. 509	McFadden, Henry J McGuire, Perry A McKnmey, Joseph A McKin/ie, Caswell T	'.'.'.'.'. 452 473 477	Sherwin, Perry E Shissler, Franklin Shissler, John M Short. William H	Eg :::::$
Getty. George R	541	McMillen, Francis E	'.'.;'.; 580	Simpson, Lewis M	538
		McNamee, Clay	532	Slayton, George W	541
		Mckutt, William C	521	Smith, Edward C	469
Goldstone, Samuel Gregory, Charles's Greving, Henry A Guseman, James S	52° 478 516 484 464	Meyer, Henry Miller, James L Mills, David T Moberg, Olof P Moore, Andrew W	492 487 539 :.r:::S	Smith, George D Smith, Henry T Smith, Peter Sorrow, Joseph Southard, Harry	499 500 575 535 - 542
	... 560	Morris, Manuel C	459	Springer, Francis D	486
Hale, John T '	486	Morton, Lucius L	'.'.'.'.'. 549	Stewart, Charles W. I.".."..'.!	..... 516
Hall, John C	579	Moughmer, George W	484		..... 455
Hall, William A	5" 571	Nevin, John	573	Stockton, George S Stokes, Murat W	524 559
Harris" William H.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.	519 532	Nickel, Thomas W	534 476	Stuart, James	459 480
Hartman, Richard H	576	Nurss, 'Albert F ••••	569	Surridge, Thomas	474
Hattabaugh, Isaac C	525				522
Hawk, Frank M	451	Odle, George R	573	S warts, John A	502
Hawley, George V	483	Oliver, Erastus W	537	Swarts, Theodore D	474
Haydin, Patrick E Henley, Richard B	485 475	Oliver, James N Olson, John	;;; Jji	Sweet, Edward S	572
Hickerson, Walter Hiramelspak, Joseph Hoffman, Loran D Hogan, Frank Hogan, William Holbrook, Jacob E Hollenbeak. John T Holt, Charles E Howe, Mark	504 '•'" *I 559 553 508	Ott, Lawrence Overman, John I Parker, Aaron F Paul!, William Pearson, Frank R Pearson, William C Pell, Richard E Perkins, James E	'.'.".'.'. 513 551 553 562 S36 514 478 577 563	Tautfest, Fred Taylor, Andrew J Taylor, Frank L Taylor, Frank Z Taylor, John Telcher, Didriech II Thompson' Jessy B Truitt, Russell	5°3 512 575 520 467 507 533 473 5oo 526
Irwin Isaac M	546	Person, Nils	483
			456		545
Jarrett, Mark V :	544	Peterson. Swen J Pettibone, Nathaniel B	482 565	Turmes, Lucien Turner, Franklin P Turner, John W	407 46o 496
	-496	Pfeufer, Joseph	565
Johnson! Hannibal F Johnson. John T Jones; Robert H Jones, Seth "Keefer, Christopher F Keith. John W Kim-aid, Alvis A	566 548 494 546 Sot 453 577	Phillips, Lincoln L Poe, George C Powers, Frank M Poyneer, Harrv D Price, Edson G Prichard, Philip S Pulse, John J Putnam, George E	565 462 456 554 532 548 557 470	VanBuren, D. C Vandeburgh, Edwin C Vansise, Frank D... Vicory, Joseph H Vincent, Joseph K Vincent, Joseph S Vineyard, Ly^rgus	56i 460 570 492 494
King, Amandus P King. Peter TCnorr, Benjamin D	489 :::;:: B	Ready, Peter H Remington. James J Reynolds. Winfield S	564 479 576	von Bargeni John"!*1.'.'.'.'."! Von Berge, William	493 566
		Rhett, Walter S -	573	Wagner, Martin	550
Lamb, Ellsworth D Lamore, Gilbert N Lanningham, Albert C Large, Sam	537 472 495	Rhoades, Alonzo Z Rhoades, Jay O Rice. Charles L Rice, John B	493 567 476 462	Walker, Robert X Wassem, George F Watson. Alexander I Watson, Robert	499 556 454 524
Leach', Patrick H. '.'. '.'. '.'.'.'.'... Lee Cyrus M	541	Rice, John N Rice, Moses H	528 495	Webber, Albert Weber, Alexander A	495 555
Levander, Edgar W Levander, John O Libbey, Samuel R ILvon, Ivan D	'.'.'.'.'.'. s6j '.'.'.'.'.'. 568	Rice, Riley Rice, Russell H Richardson, Foster Rickards, William H. V....	53.' 577	Weber, Jacob L Weddlc, David Whiting. Silas 0 Wickam, Holsey	521 474 572 498

Williams, Andrew J....	458	Witt, James	5'3	Yates, David	485
Williams, William S M.. .		Wolbert Joseph M	488		465
Wilson, Samuel A Wilson, William	490	Wolfe, George M.... Wood John A	528	Young, John.C	551
Wilson, William J Wiltse Bion C	471	Wooden, John D	555	Zehner, Benjamin F	504
	IDAHO COUNTY	PORTRAITS.
Beede, John E	536	Gould, Mrs. Norman.	478	Pulse, John J	556
Benedict, Samuel Bibb Robert M	464	Hadorn, John	560
Bibb, Mrs. Robert M	544			Remington, James j	564 478
Carothers Thomas H....	556	Irwin, Isaac M	544	Robie, Edward W Robie, Isabella	464
.Cleary, Mrs. Catherine 11.	Elfers.. 451	Jarrett, Mark V....	544
		Jarrett, Mrs. Mark V.	544	Sweet, Edward S	572
Davis, Theodore E	478
Dunn, Joseph W	544	King, Peter		Tavlor Andrew J
				Truscott, Matthew H	544
Eckert, Jacob L	552	Lyon, Ivan D	568	Turner, John W	496
Elfers, Henry J	451	Ott, Lawrence		Wassem, George F	556
Galloway, Thomas B	544			Wassem, Mrs. George F	556
Goldstone, Samuel	528	Pettibone, Nathaniel B	564	Witt, James
Gould, Norman	478 Pfeufer, Joseph	564 Zehner, Isaac	564
LATAH COUNTY BIOGRAPHICAL.
Aldrich, Benjamin F	To:	Burr, Homer E.	735	Davis, William W	670
Anderson Almarine A			746	DePartee, Joseph C.'
Anderson, George W Anderson! John I.!.'!!.'.'!	699 694	Callison, Samuel P... Cameron, Daniel		Dobson, Arthur A I^ougharty, George H Driskel, Daniel W	732 723 737
	'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 682	Cameron, Murdock. . .	650	Dygert, Albert	637
Atchison/EdwardP '.'.'.'.'.'.	676 728	Campbell, Frank Canfield, Homer W. .	709 675	Ebel, Charley	740
		Carter, William	639	Ely, Wellington L	634
Barton, Robert H	636	Chambers, Samuel T..
Bartroff, William	708	Chandler, Charles	700	Erichson, Henry '. ....'..	:'.;:; III.
Bean, Walter W	653	Chancy, Livey J	700	Estes, Archie B	644
Beardsley, O	747	Chapman, David	742	Evits, Michael	724
Beardsley, Orton W.... Beasley, Richard	639 654	Charles, Alexander II Christie, -Thomas H..	667 665	Flomer, Henry	733
Bechtel,- Martin	662	Clark, James W	654 638	Frazier, William M Freeze John	713
Bell, Robert J	640	Clyde, Peter	;:::::::::;; 695	Freeze, John P. .............	692
Belvail, William R	600	Cobbs, Hartzell	669	Freeze, Michael C	693
Berry, Franklin M	70S	Colburn, Alfred	696
Berry, James D	686	Cole, Ezra L	734	Gale, George W
Biddison, Amon K Biram, William L Booth, George M	701 657 744	Collins, James H.... Collins, Joseph R Comer, William -A...	634 648 660	Gamble, Daniel Geiger, Joseph Gilbert, Horace E	742 666 712
Bottjer, John...., Bowks3,' Ru7useiM~. .'.'.'.'.'.'.	724 715 723	Cone, Benjamin F.,.. Copeland, Lloyd D... Crocker, John S	690 684 730	Gower, Charles H Grant, James Green, Albert J	642 697 643
Bowman, Charles E	672	Crooks, Birt	706	Green, Joseph M	657
Brillhart, George H:		Crowley, Thomas....	744	Griner, George W .".	666-
	'.'.'.""" 708			Griner, John E	651
Buchanan, William A. . . .	737	Dailey, James E	.... 668	Gummere, Currency A	...... 726
Bundy, Harvey J Burdic, Fredric F	633 680	Dale, William P Damrkon, Gustav. . . .	653 687	Hadley, George W	737
Burger, Christ	735	Davidson. Joseph	719	Hafenjohn J	691
Burke, Edward L	746 Davis David R	720 Halliday, Andrew E	643.

Halverson. John	703	May, Frank	PAGE 7°9	Scharnhorst, Charley J	712
Hanson, Christian	698	McBane, Gillis J	681	Scharnhorst, Christian	720
Hanson, Henry	691	McCann, Charles W	641	Scharnhorst, Fred	717
Haon, John B	676	McClellan, Joseph L	722	Schuh, Louis P	747
Harreld John H	700	McCown, Louis B	683	Sharp, Jasper P
Harrison. Jacob L	658	McCoy, Hamlin	677	Sin,-!, Is, Charles W	642
Hart, Nelson	729	AlcKen/ie, Angus	688	Shields, M. J	652
Hasfurdher, J. Nicholas	657	McKenzie. Donald	749	Su-v.rs. George ....	734
Hawkins, Herbert L	677	Michael, George W	685	Sievert, Goswin	682
Hawley, N. M	728	Michelson, Lewis		Silvey, Samuel T	723
Headington, William .1	647	Miller Jacob H	688	Smith Andrew J	212
Heinrich Xa'vicr	659	Miller, James L	647	Smith! Charles F	..... 674
i Mil. Gi-orge W. P	733	Miller. John C	672	Smith, Henry C
Hjelm, John	692	Mochel, Benjamin F	662	Smith, Hezekiah M	701
Hobart,' Charles	738	Mochel, George L	659	Smith, Marques L
Holbrook, Noyes B Holt Charles B	702 .. 748	Moore, Charles Mnrpv Osrar V	750 698	Smith, Thomas A	'.'.'.'.'. 738
Hopkins, Liles A	715 Muncey, Marion F "..	658	Stanford, Norman A	..... 645.
	704 Munson, Charles J	713	Starner, John A	..... 693
Howell, Albert	698			671
Howell. Henrv	649	Naylor, John L	75i	Strong"' JamlT™ S .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' '.'.'.'.
Hunt, Daniel 1 hitcliison, James	725 664	Nelson, August Nelson, Christian	702 702	Sullivan, John Sullivan, John S	7i9
Hutchison, John H	665	Normoyle, Michael C	73i	Swenson, Engel C
		Notman, David, Jr	694
Irvine, Landon C	638			Tharp, William W	689
		Oderlin, Charles H	721	Tegland, George	659
Johann, Peter	-665	Olson, Nicholas Olson Olof	...... 678 671	Thomas' Martin" v""	700-
Johnson, Casper	'.'.'.'.'.'. 682	Otness, Ole	691	Thompson, William N	'.'.'.'.'. 667
Johnson! Kli M.:	687	Owen, John J.	74i	Tierney, Thomas	727
Tohnston, John D	733			Towne, Charles B	651
Johnston, Joseph C	732	Palmer, Charles W....		Tucker, George W	743
Jones, Benjamin J	649	Palmer, Elmer P		Tuckey, Elias	741
Jones, Fred W	674	Pauls, Peter...	705	Tritt, Samuel H	739
			646	Tweedt, Hans C. J	663
Kincaid, James M	717	Peterson, Oliver S	:.".:: 686	Urquhart, David	749
	673	Pickering, Rees	655
Kluss. Theodor	664	Pierce. George W	752	Vandevanter, Moses	736
Knowlcs, Oliver W	686	Platt, Edward T	669	Vande walker, C. V	744
Kresselt. Frederick P	660	Pledger, John W	679	Vassar, Tames R	676
	651	Poindexter, Thomas S	635	Visby, Niels J	640
Lackner, Daniel Langdon, George Langdon, Samuel J Larson, Oscar Lander, William C Lazelle, Isaac W Lazelle, Sunnier C	670 637 751 649 746 699 718	Randall. Virgil Randolph, John S Kav. Charles E kavlmni, Frank Ream. John RekdaJil, Benedick B Richardson, Richard F	721 745 730 740 684	Wahl, Christian Walker, George W Weber, Gottfried Webster, Frank W Welch, William M Whetstine, Robert S	673 736 750 :::::: |
Leasure. William H Leonard. Frank L Lestoe Hans J	645 646 6^4	Riellv. Joseph Kiel man. Ulrich C...-	..-.. 743 661 697	Williams, Andrew' b! '.'.'.'.'.'.'. Wilson, James T Wolfe, George W Wolfenberger, James A Wolheter, Washington Woodworth, Ray	E:?! 696, 745
Lieuallen, Almon A Lynd! Andrew	635 668 678	Roberts, A. Henrv Roberts, John Rogers, Henry M Ross, James W	7°7 730 655 679
Madison, Canud	739	Rudd, Bryant M
ATadsen, Niels	740			Yarbrough, John B	'661
Mauuire. William S	726	Sardam, Porter D	70S	Yockev. Charles W	641
MalU'rv, Herman W	734	Sawyer, George H	703	Young/George E	729-
Manwaring, John	654	Scharbach, Paul	707	Yountr. William W	644-

		LATAH COUNTY	PORTRAITS.
Anderson, Martin •Cameron, Daniel.. .	680 633	Headington, William 1 Horton, John H	kl 656	Miller, Mrs. John C Munson, Charles J	. ... 672 712
•Collins, Joseph R Davis, David R	648	Hutchison, John H...	**	Rekdahl, Benedick B Rekdahl, Martha B	.... 680 .... 680
		Jones, Benjamin J...	648	Sievert Goswin	680
Freeze, John	712	Kluss, Theodore and	family 664	Strong, James R Sullivan, John S	.... 648
Ty' a		Larson, Oscar	648
•Gilbert, Horace E	712			Visby, Niels J and family...	.... 640
Hawley, N. M	728	McBane, Gillis J McKenzie, Angus	680	Wolheter, Washington	.... -696
Headington, Mrs. Mattie....	648	Miller, John C	672	Wolheter, Mrs. Washington. . . .	.... 696

KOOTENAI COUNTY BIOGRAPHICAL.

Allbaugh, William F	978	Carr, Carey	936	Dwyer, William P	954
Allen, Albert B	967 '	Carroll, John D	909
	855	Carter. Willis	907	East, Hughes	964
Anderson, Joseph	844	Case, Albert R		Eaton, Albert D	928
	839	Casey, James P	937	Eaton, William
	' 879		858	Eckert, James R
Antelope, Morris ............	972	Chambard, Louis	836	Edwards, Henrv R	:::.".:'. 841
Arrapa, Stanislaus	973	Chambers, Clarence	965	Egbers, Robert C	946
Baeck Carl		Chisholm, Donald H	846 857	Fge, George L Ehlcrt William	903 873
Baldwin, Harry L	932	Christenson, Andrew		Eilert, Louis E	868
Baldwin, Mrs. "James T	854	Cisco, William E	'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 916	Elderton, William	916
Barnes, Joseph I	849	Cleland, William H	866	Elsasser, John T	861
Barza. Beer	972	Coleman, George E	890	Elsasser, William R	861
Baslington, William	874	Cole, William S	969	Emerson, R. King	958
Batters. George	922		886	.	844
Bauer Joseph A			884	Erlenwein Louis W	845
Beck, Simon	:::::§	Cook, Willis H		Esch, Daniel
Bennett, Percy J	865	Cooper, George	'.'.'..... 902	Esch, Levi
Bentlev, Delbert H	926	Cooper, Jasper
Bentley, F.dmond J	927	Corzine, Lorenzo D	::;:::: T3o	Feely, Charles W	976
Benton, Thomas	834	Crandall, Elisha 4	931	Feely, Clarence H.	977
Bigelow, David E	832	Cmishaw, John	867	Feelv, IrvanE	977
	925	Crow, Levi	.. 964	Feely, Tames J	893
Blessing, Titus	957	Gulp. Charles W	977	Feely, Thomas N	837
Berth wick, Robert C	870	Curtis, Abner	927	Fenn, Thomas H	965
	966			Ferbrache, James G	851
Bo^enr,aAlfredn . . '. Boyker, Louis E	873 859	Dahlgren, Frank Danner, John H	937	Ferbrache, Peter A Ferguson, James C	850 950
Bradley, James M Bragaw, Robert S	892 862	Darknell, Arthur A Davis, Frank A	....... 854	Fernan, John Ferrell, William W	866 920
Brant, Trven J Brengman, John P Brophv, Joseph G Brophv, Thomas	932 884 881 899	Davis, Walker R Dawson. William Dutrick, Isaac N Denison, Jesse	952 964 930 883	Finney, David F Finnev. Ezekiel M Fisdior, Ernest F Fisher, Fred C	877 878 927 974
Brown, David	952			Fisher, Tames A	895
Brown, William H Bruce, Malcolm Bunting, Arthur E	855 8	Dighton. Edward Dingman, Ross Dittemore, Louis T	968 886	Kislv.M-; Toseph Flemming, George W -. Frederic, John \V	970 947 896
.Hunting, Robert Burke, Richard W	E:S	Dobson, John H Dolan, James E	'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 853 . . 859	Frost, Arthur E Fry, George	955 855
Burnham, H. E	976	Doust,' Edwin	856	Fry, Richard A	860
		Draves, Rudolph	843
Cable, William H....	900	Dugan, Joseph T J...	961	Geek, Henrv	949
Caldwell, John	839	Duncan, John H		Gerrard, William	904
		Dunlap John		Gertum, Charles
Campbell, Thomas S ....	939		.".."..".: 847		'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 840

Girard, Peter Gleeson, James Goohy, Robert M Graham. Arthur H'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Graham, James A Grant, John C Graves, H L Graves, Rufus H Greaves, John W Green, Alphonzo A Green, Charles S Green, James A Green, Wallace P Griffus, Henry R (-.imii. Francis M Culhric. ChnmxyE Guthrie, James H Guthrie, Marion Hager, John Handy, Joseph W Hart, Warren A Hays, George L Henry, Samuel E Hkkey^lichaTl A! '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Hite, Nicholas Hoar, William R Holm, Thomas - Holton, George Hooker, Gabe H -Horn. Charles Howell. George W Howes, Stephen B Hudlow, Alford W Huguenin, Tell Jackson, Charles teS":::::::::: Johnson, Peter G Jones, Andrew J Jones, Mahlon P Jorgensen, Hans L Kamlin, Charles E Kenecly, James H Kent, Andrew J Keyser, Henry King, Clement B Knudsor., Herman Lagers, James T Lancaster, William S Larson, John LaVergne, Louis Leaf, Andrew LeHuquet, John Lemly, William 11 Lemon. Thomas J Ubby, William E Lin.lMrom, Peter ' Lyon, Leveritt V Lyon. William H Lyons, William Macha. Bona . . . Manning. Harlan P Markham, Francis M ivlarkham, Lvman F	973 882 934 .'.'.'::;; 842 950 970 938 948 874 895 926 891 960 963 838 841 84i 896 ;;;;;;'. 863 876 pjg 960 906 905 .889 942 894 934 853 908 930 883 833 979 874 952 857 834 857 941 ::::::: | :;;;;;: 894 835 .... 886 880 864 951 ::::::; 1 '.:'.:'.:; %£. 935 912 909 972 933 911 947	Martin, Emory B	904	Richmond, Jerry Riggs. Iral Riley, John W	951 972 •• 937 871 962 903
Mashburn, Pink C Masterson, O. B	963 896
McCarthy, Timothy McCune, Tohn McDonald, James McGuire, Annie Mcllhargey, John McKenzie, Duncan S.- McKinnon, Norman McLean, John Mel ellan Robert	953 853 947 892 948 949 917 961 948	Ritchev, Samuel B Robacher. William H Roberts, Josiah
Rochat, Henri Ross, Branson M Roth, Victor W Russell, Frank	929 . . . :. 923 897-
Russell, Tames E
Ryan, William '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Sage, Anthony A Sage, Reuben J	893 973 946
McLennan, Louis Melder, Henry Merritt, Andrew A Merritt, Donald O Merritt, Jay K Miller Adolph	::..E 860 942 941 943 939 919 883 851 971 912 912 931 875 940 832 879 968
Saltese, Chief Sanburn, Jay R Sander, V. W Schroeder, John F Schussman, Frank Scott, Ansel 1 Scott, Thomas H Settle, John W Shafcr, John Sharai, Wellington F Sharplev, Richard	974 902 901 891 929 919' 919 893. 921 888. 956
Miller, Gustav Miller, Sylvester Mills, Thomas W Moc-Til-Ma, Peter Montgomery, Thomas E Montgomery, Zachariah Murray, Robert Nelson, Christ Nelson, James Nelson John
Shear, Cyrus B Shear, Edward A Sinclair, Janet R Sisson. William E Skelton, John W Slayter, James W Sloop, Jacob A Sluyter, Westol H Smith, Charles Smith, ColonS Smith, David K.... Smith, Joseph Smith, Samuel L. . . Smith, Ulvssis G .". Snyder, Washington Sorenson, Peter C Stockwell, Benjamin F Stone. James M Stone, William T Stuve, Edward Stuve, Louis Sullivan. Wesley Swofford, Harvey J Tank, Henry .... Tautenhahn, Richard Therleen, John Thompson, Ruth A Thompson, Robert C Thorp, Elbridge W Titus, George S Towle, Walter R.... Travis, Albert E Triplett, William L Tyson Tames	940- 940- 859 830 969- 958 849 873 936 925 856 843. 836 944 954 944 880 95° 978 971 971 976 922 852 905. ....... 924 920- 907 872 878^ 956 9OO' 962 870. 876 925. 929 962 :::::: K .... 022-
Nelson, Nels Newcomb. George O
Nilson, Carl Noble, Albert H Oakland, August O'Brien, John J O'Callaghan, Charles Ohogge, John Olds, Charles O'Neal, William Osier, Gilbert F Owen, Calvin Owen, Frederick M Owen, Payton W Palmer, Aaron W Parent, Joseph C Pearce, Daniel W Pearson, Jonas P Peterson, R. Nels Peterson, Tonas G Peterson, Martin Phifer, David Piatt, Abram M Piatt Martin L	943 908 928 916 858 845 968 915 930 930 852 831 915 875 861 847 923 847 9H 831 830
Plonske, August Plonske, William F Poirier, Joseph Post, Frederick Price. William C. T Provost, Joseph Quarles, Jesse P Quirie, Alexander Quinn, Frank H Ramev, Sylvester Ray Fdward C	912 i::::^ 829 890 923» 957 978 955 970 956
Tyson, John Q Ulbright, Amel Ulbright, Ernest P Van Cleve, Ernest
Reinhart, Ernest E Reinhart, William E Reimger, Henry Renfro, Silas Rhodes, Samuel F	838 836 924 959 .... 887	VanOrsdal, Amos D Vesscr, Samuel Viebrock, Henry Waggoner. Charles ....

Waggoner, Francis M.... Wandel, Henry Ware, James L Warner, Orson	913 842 918 935	Whitney, George B \\-icks. Alexander Wicks, Charles G \V.ke. Floyd V	839 933 934 ., 885	Wood, Charles W.... Woolery, John S Worley, Charles O Wright, Marcus D	869 863 974 862
Warren, Otis F Washburn. Volnev W	975 844	Williams, Harry W'lliamson Charles B	918	Wright, Mary A .' '. '.
Watkins, Samuel" H VYhalen,' Patrick J \\hitc-, A. K	945 955 832	Williamson! Thomas F!"; Willis, John W Wilson. Elisha T	.".."..".; 840 907 960	Yates, Hirem Yothers. Levi Young, Ira L	917 899 945
Whitney, Eugene L	914 Wilsoni Robert "..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.	918	Z.mmerman, Paul L	958

KOOTENAI COUNTY PORTRAITS.

Baldwin, Mrs. J. T Barnes Joseph I	854 848	Fry, Richard A	860	Ray, Edward C	956
Bennett, Percy J Bennett, Mrs. Percy J	864 864	Green, Alphonzo A	872	Reinhart, William E	::::: 1$ 8-64
Boyer, Mrs. Alfred Bradley, James M Brcngman. John P Brophy, Thomas Carroll, John D	872 892 884 896 908	Hawthorne. Adam Henry, Samuel E Horn, Charles Kenedy, James H Kenedy, Mrs. James H	876 96o 908 896 896	Russell, James E Sharai, Wellington F Sloop, Jacob A Sluvter, Westol H Smith, Charles	896 ::::: 848 872 936
Chambard, Louis Chambard, Mrs. Louis	836 836	Larson, John Larson, Mrs. John	864 864 848	Smith, Samuel I Smith, Mrs. Samuel L Sorensen, Peter C	836 .... 836 .... 944
Banner, John H Darknell, Arthur A Eaton, William ... Ehlert, William Khlert. Mrs. William Esch, Levi Feeley, Thomas N Feely, Mrs. Thomas N Ferrell,' WilliamW.' '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Frederic, John vv	836 884 9o£ 872 872 896 836 836 864 920 896	Lyon, William H Markham, Francis M.... Markham. Lyman F McCarter,' William M Montgomery, Zachariah Oakland, August O'Brien, John J Phifer, David Post, Frederick	908 884 908 868 904 908 9^8 908 829	Thompson, Mrs. Ruth A Towlc, Walter R Tyson, James Vesser, Samuel Washburn, Volney W White, A. K Wike Flovd V \\ illian^on, Charles B Williamson, Thomas F Yothers, Levi	.... 848 .... 900 .... 864 .... 844 .... 832 .... 884 840 840 .... 896

SHOSHONE COUNTY BIOGRAPHICAL.

Addle, James M	£	Billberg, Henry	123	Cardoner. Damian	*tf
		Bitner, George F	60	Carlson, August	i_>4
		Blake, Edwin W		Carlson. John
Anderson, Ole A. .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..		Bole, Henry H	69	Chandler, William M	119
Auld. John	171.	Bond, James	06	Gaget. W.H	066
Aulbach, Adam	133	Bookwalter, Albert E Bovce, Eleanor	09 86	Clark. John W Cleek, Isaac D	!,!s
Bacon, Richard P	140	Boyden, Chester B	07	Cogswell, Arthur C	ofa
Balch, Albert S		Brady, J. A		Cole, Cyrus J	091
Ball, George F		Braham, Charles O	57	Coleman, George W	1*1
Barnard, Thomas N		Brand, William J	069	Coller, Harry
	124		S7	Coumerilh, William	144
Bauman, Phillip ."!.' !.'!.'!.'!'! ! i ! .' .' Bayne. John L	1 6b 001	Brown, Emn E! '.'.'.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.	77 04	Cowen, Israel B Crawford. Al C	005 069
Beams, Eugene P
Bechtel, Louis F	193		62	Davenport, Joel	195
Beck, Joseph E Bellmer, Charles H.	rod	Bryant, Hiram	91	Davis, Warren N Daxon, Richard
Belville, Martin Bennett. Charles E	093	Campbell, Joseph A. R	89	Day, Henry L Dav. Harrv L	080 1 80

	PAGE		PAGE		PAGE
I Hckinson, Charles F Donnelly. Thomas H Drew. John T Dulmage, E Howard	.".."..."75	Hartmus, Edwin M I lean'.. R. P Heller Eliza	1118	Morgan, Benjamin F Moritx, Jacob . Myers, William H '.	1095 "51 "09 1168
		Eieyburn, Wetdon B	1094	Newbury, John H....	"45
Eby, Charles L '.....	I 21	11,11. Josiah	"90	Xistler, Ludwig	1174
Fbv. lohn W	i"9	Holmberg, Axel E	1116	Noble, Horace R....
Eccle's, Joseph G	1162	Hoover, William H	1074	Noonan, Martin
		Horn Robert T		Nordquist John H
Edmonson, Frank M	II3	Horst, Elias E	II20	i-iiMuquiai., juiiii a. Norman, Samuel	IO/3 1067
Edwards, Frank J		Horton, Abraham P	1202	Northrup, William P	1134
Ehrenberg, Charles	'.' 084	Hovev, George E	1069	Noyes, Louis A	1139
Ehrenberg. Gus	081	Uuckeiberry, Charles	"49	Nuckols, Anderson W
Ehrenber" J Walter. ..		Hunt, Robert W	1163	Nuss, Calvin	...... 1 188
Elben, Samuel	I48	Hunt, Charles D	1166
Flliott, TohnM	...... 164	Hunt, Thomas W	"66	Olin, John S	1131
I'll,,. M'arion A	138			Olson, Edward	1079
Erb, George E Fvirs John W	132	Ihrig, Henry C	"31	0 : Veil. Laurence Osburn, Stephen V	"39
		Jacobs, Jerome F	1075	Otto, Albert '.'.	"47
Fairweather, Stanley P Falconer, William M Farrar, William H Farrell, William H Featherstone, Albert H	..''.. 118 072 070	Jameson, Ralph R Jenkins, Benjamin E Johnson, Charles M Johnson Frank F	177 "27	Page, Alfred Pannebaker, Joshua Parker, Clyde S Pascoe, Richard H	"31 "04 1187
Feehan, John C Ferguson, Columbus B Finfayson, Donald A	148 154 182	Johns,,,,, John B lones. Charles H./ Jones, Christian D. .........	;'..".!Y.io89 "05	Paulsen, August Peeples. Drew W Pelkes, John	"95 1180
Flaig, B	193	"lone- 1 lenry A		Pennev, Norton R	1108
l-link. John W	"3	jCnesiOD. .	.......IC&2	Perkins, Clinton E	"23
Ford. I'.arnet	"5	Jones, Walter A		Perrin, Charles S	"70
Foreman, Frank L	167			Peterson, Gus	1114
Fort, Charles E Fortin. Joseph E 1-oss. lohn H Foster, Milton P Frazer. William F Freeman, Jesse	.".."..". i<X5 143 154 070 065	Keane, Patrick K.llv, Fred. H KellV, Robert S Kendall, Joseph B Kingsbury, Roy H	"35 1068 "93 172 084	Peterson. Peter E Porter. David A Porter, Frederick P Pott, Burd P Potter, Grant S Price, Daniel W	Y.Y.YlioSs 1130 1091 1183
Free-nan, Otto	080			Prichard, Floyd M
Fridstrand, Charles		Lafavre, Charles A	"59
Friend, Eugene S Fuller, Clifford C Fuller. Steward	155 129	Landes, Clarence C L.-mdon, Wellington Larson, Joseph N	127	Read, Harold J Reed, Thomas B ' Reeves, Charles H..."	1089 "46 TOSS
Puller, William D	186	Lehman, Abraham L	084	Rennick, Miles	1189
Furst, John C		Leonard, James Lesher, George S	104	KielKinlson, Harry N Riddle, Thad C	i"S
Gaffnev, Bridget Gaffnev, Frank Gaftm'v, John } G-iffnev William	'•:::•:. $ 098	Linn, Ole H Linn, Samuel H Lockman, Jacob Lyle, James	Y.Y.Y.'.iios	Riggs, William M Roberts, Andrew M Roberts, Louis C Robirts Josiah J	1177 "79 "65
Gav, Lndowk-k \V	176			Robirts. Mtrrel R. .'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.	.Y.Y.Y.iios
George, Milo L	...... 150	Malier, Michael		Roby, Elbert C	1158
Gilbert, Henry T	180		"53	Rogers, Heenen J
Gilbert, Thomas	181	Mallon" Carie°HgC . .	071	Roof, Oliver S	1117
Gillice, Francis F		Mauley, Charles		Roos, Ferd, Jr	1163
Gilpatrick, George E	134	M.irkwell, Frank P	090	Rose. Francis M	1129
Gisel Jacob	164	Mark-well J Fred		Rossi, Herman J
Glowe, John A	139	MarkwelC Sylvester .."...'..	.Y.Y.'.Y. 089	Rothrock, Frank M. ........	1094
Goddard. William F	197	Marshall, Angus D	071
Goodman, David F	150		129	Safford, James L....	1186
Grav, Horatio I	099	Matchette. Franklin' P.Y.Y.	194	Saling, Francis M	1072
Greenwald, Fred C	109	.Matthew, Edward R	158	Samuels, Henry F	1079
Greer, John	096	.Mays, C. W		Savage, Jeremiah M	1 178
Griffith, Thomas O	078	MrDougall, William	.".".'.'.'.'.'. 185	Schill, Charles	1152
Groves, Henry	103	McFachern, Daniel	168	Schlesinger, Louis A
		MeC.llivrav, Ally		Schmidt. Anna	1157
Hale, Ellis L	076	McKinnis, "George ....	.::::::: 178	Schue, Peter
Hales, William T	126	McKissick, David C		Shamberger, William D	1172
	174	McLeod. Roderick J	too	Sheehv, William J
	097	Melroy. Charles	137	Shuster. Thomas	1179
Hansen, John H .'.'.'.'.		.Met/. John F		Simmonds, Thomas H	1186
Harbin, Daniel F.	,8.'	Miller, William R	'.','.'.'.'.'. 076		1142
Hare, Maurice H	101	Moe. William K	090	Skonnord, Bernt O	1152
Harris, George W	194	Moffitt Edward H	093	Small, Ellis	1105
Harris, George W	197	Molloy, John T		Smith, Abraham L	"57

1 Smith Andrew T	AGE	abor, Jesse W	T	Ward, Harry P ic
Smith' Clarence P	17°	albot, Charles H	140	Warren, Aaron S
Smith, Edwin	156	aylor, James H	081	Uiiikms, Amos
Smith, Frank	165	aylor. Marshall M	077	Weber, Philip P
bmith, Frank S	164	'eats, Mrs. Mary E	'95	Wentz, Charles H
Smith, Paul F	083	'hoinas, Thomas C....?	t66	White, John P
Smith, William H	076	homas, James O		White. .Michael
Snyder, Samson, Jr	161	horkelson, Gilbert	117	Wilkinson, William P
	099	hyne, John	183	Wilkinson; Wintield S
Stedman, Louie '\V '.'.'.'.	160	ibbals, Frank M	154	Williams, Charles H
Stenzel, Charles	133	ilsioy, John H		Wilmot, Andrew c
Stevens, Fred A	173	oner, John J	199	Wilson, Thomas
Stevens, Joseph F	190	oner, Richard T		Wilson, William P
St. Germain, Israel	116	'ucker, Leroy	163	Wimer, John W c
St. Jean, Joseph E St Jean Leopold J	092	upper, Howard T urk, Engelbert	142	Winner, Nathan c Wood George A
Stonebreaker, Edward G	• 63	urner, William R .*	ioo	Wood, John C
Stringam, Benjamin F Strode, Amos M	077 136	Van Allen, John F	188	Wood, Lyman Wright, Edward H
Stuart, Robert C	069	Vance. Charles W		Wright. Jesse T c
Swails, Ethelbert W	142	Van Derwerken, Emmet L	170	Wright, Thomas
	<V3
Sweet Lewis L	007	Wadsworth, William B	161	Young Peter ' I
Swicegood, William R Swinertnn. William P	075 173	Walton, Fred W Ward. Andrew B	095 17;	Zeitfnchs. Emil ... ic

SHOSHONE COUNTY PORTRAITS.

Bennett, Charles E. . Brady, J. A

Flink, John W

Furst, John C

1152	Gaffney, Frank	096	Nordquist, John H
	Gaffney, John J	096
		096	Pascoe Richard H
III2	'		Peterson, Gns
'.'.'.'.'. 1072 1136 1065	Hammond, Edward Ilan.cn, John H Heller, Mrs. Eltza Horst, Elias E \	096	Reeves, Charles H! '.'.'.'.'.'. '. '.'.'. '. '.'.'. Richardson, Harry M
			Saling, Francis M
1080	Leonard, James Linn, Ole H '	04	Saling, Mrs. Francis M....: Schill, Charles
			Schue, Peter
trr2	McGillivray, Ally .... Maitland, George A Myers, William H....	52 68	Skonnord. Bernt O Steadman, Louie W Tilslev, John H....

INTRODUCTORY

/ century is a fitting time to ' :al histc

The opening of a nei cast a backward glance in to the eye of the present the interesting and heroic events of the past and by comparison between past and present forecast something of the future.

Hardly could our task be accomplished without some reference, even though it must be brief and frag- mentary, to the old Oregon territory, of which the counties of northern Idaho were once parts. It had a strange history. It was the ignis fatuus of successive generations of explorers, luring them on with that in- describable fascination which seemed always to drawn men to the ever receding circle of the "westmost west," and yet for years and years veiling itself in the mists of uncertainty and misapprehension.

We do not usually realize how soon after the time of Columbus there began to be attempts to reach the western ocean and solve the mystery of the various passages, northwest, southwest, and west, which were supposed to lead through the Americas to Asia. The old navigators had little conception of the breadth of this continent. They .thought it to be but a few leagues across, and took for granted that some of the many arms of the sea would lead them through to another ocean that would wash the Asiatic shores.

In 1500, only eight years after Columbus, Gasper Cortereal,the Portuguese, conceived the idea of entering what afterward became known as Hudson's Bay and proceeding thence westward through what he called the strait of Anian.

That mythical strait of Anian seems to have had a strange charm for the old navigators. One of them, Maldonado, a good many years later, gave a very con- nected and apparently veracious account of his journey through that strait, averring that through it he reached another ocean in latitude seventy-five degrees. But by means of Magellan's straits and the doubling of stormy Cape Horn, a connection between the two oceans was actually discovered in 1519.

In 1543 Ferrelo,a Spaniard, coasted along the shores of California, and was doubtless the first white man to gaze on the coast of Oregon, probably somewhere in the vicinity of the mouth of the Umpqua river.

In 1577 that boldest and most picturesque of all English sailors and freebooters, Francis Drake, started

on the marvelous voyage by which he plundered the treasures of the Spanish main, cut the golden girdle of Manila, Queen of the treasures of the Spanish orient, skirted the coast of California and Oregon, and at last circumnavigated the globe.

But in 1592, just one hundred years after Colum- bus, comes the most picturesque of all these misty stories which enwrap the early history of Oregon. " This is the story of Jaun de Fuca, whose name is now pre- served in our northwest boundary strait. According to this romantic tale of the seas, Jaun de Fuca was a Greek of Cephalonia, whose real name was Apostolos Yalerianos, and under commission of the king of Spain he sailed to find the strait of Anian, whose entrance the Spaniards wanted to fortify and guard so as to pre- vent ingress or egress by the English freebooters who were preying upon their commerce. According to the account 'given by Michael Lock, "he followed his course, in that voyage, west and northwest in the South sea, all along the coast of Nova Spania and California and the Indies, now called North America (all of which voyage he signified to me in a great map, and a sea- card of my own, which I laid before him), until he came to the latitude of forty-seven degrees ; and that there finding that the land 'trended north and north- west, with a broad inlet of sea, between forty-seven and forty-eight degrees of latitude, he entered thereinto, sailing more than twenty days, and found that land still trending northwest, and northeast and north, and also east and southeastward, and very much broader sea than it was at the said entrance, and that he passed by divers islands in that sailing; and that, at the en- trance of the said strait, there is, on the northwest coast thereof, a great headland or island, with an exceeding high pinnacle of spired rock, like a pillar, thereupon. Also he said that he went on land in divers places, and that he saw some people on the land clad in beasts' skins ; and that the land was very fruitful and rich of gold, silver and pearls and other things, like Nova Spania. Also he said that he being entered thus far into the said strait, and being come into the North sea already, and finding the sea wide enough everywhere, and to be about thirty or forty leagues wide in the mouth of the straits where he entered, he thought he had now well discharged his office ; and that not being

HISTORY OF NORTH IDAHO.

armed to resist the force of savage people that might happen, he therefore set sail and turned homeward again toward Nova Spania, where he arrived in Aca- pulco, anno 1592, hoping to be rewarded by the viceroy for this service done in the said voyage."

This curious bit of past record has been interpreted by some as pure myth, and by others as veritable his- tory. It is at any rate a generally accurate outline de- scriptive of the straits of Fuca, the gulf of Georgia and the shores of Vancouver Island and the mainland ad- joining. And whether or not the old Greek pilot did actually exist and first look on our "Mediterranean of the Pacific," it is pleasant to imagine that he did and that his name fittingly preserves the memory of the grand old myth of Anian and the northwest pasage.

There is one other more obviously mythical tale concerning our frontier coast. It is said that in the year 1640 Admiral Pedro de Fonte, of the Spanish ma- rine, made the journey from the Atlantic to the Pacific and return through a system of rivers and straits, en- tering the coast at about latitude fifty-three degrees. Coming from Callao in April, 1640, and after having sailed for a long distance through an archipelago, he entered the mouth of a vast river, which he named Rio deLos Reyes. Ascending this for a long distance north- easterly he reached an immense lake, on whose shores he found a wealthy civilized nation, who had a capital city of great splendor called Conasset, and who wel- comed the strangers with lavish hospitality. From this lake flowed another river easterly, and down this Fonte descended until he reached another great lake, from which a narrow strait led into the Atlantic ocean.

There is one curious thing about these legendary voyages and that is the general accuracy of their de- scription of the coast. Although these accounts are unquestionably mythical, it is not impossible that their authors had actually visited the coast or had seen those who had, and thus gathered the material from which they fabricated, with such an appearance of plausi- bility, their Munchausen tales.

We are briefly referring to these fascinating old legends, not for the purpose of discussing them here at any length, but rather to remind the reader of the long period of romance and myth which enveloped the early history of the northwest of which out state forms a part. Many years passed after the age of myth be- fore there were authentic voages. During the seven- teenth century practically nothing was done in the way of Pacific coast exploration. But in the eighteenth, as by common consent, all the nations of Europe became suddenly infatuated again with the thought that on the western shores of America might be found the gold and silver and gems and furs and precious woods for which they had been striving so desperately upon the eastern coast. English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Russian and Americans entered their bold and hardy sailors into the race for the possession of the land of the Occident. The Russians were the first in the field. That gigantic power which the genius of Peter the Great, like one of the fabled genii, had suddenly trans- formed from the proportions of a grain of sand to a figure overtopping the whole earth, had stretched its

arms from the Baltic to the Aleutian archepelago, and had looked southward acress the frozen seas of Siberia to the open Pacific as offering them another opportunity of expansion. Many years passed, however, before Peter's designs could' be executed. It was 1728 when Vitus Behring entered upon his marvelous life of ex- ploration. Not until 1741, however, did he thread the thousand islands of Alaska and gaze upon the glaciated summit of Mt. Elias. And it was not until thirty years later that it was known that the Bay of Avatscha in Siberia was connected by open sea with China. In 1771 the first cargo of furs was taken directly from Avatscha, the chief port of eastern Siberia, to Canton. Then first Europe realized the vastness of the Pacific ocean. Then it understood that the same waters which frowned against the frozen bulwarks of Kamtchatka washed the tropic islands of the South seas and foamed against the storm-swept rocks of Cape Horn.

Meantime, while Russia was thus becoming estab- lished upon the shores of Alaska, Spain was getting entire possession of California. These two great nations began to overlap each other. Russians became estab- lished near San Francisco. To offset this movement of Russia, a group of Spanish explorers, Perez, Mar- tinez, Heceta, Bodega and Maurella, swarmed up the coast beyond the present site of Sitka.

England, in alarm at the progress made by Spain and Russia, sent out the Columbus of the eighteenth century, in the person of Captain James Cook, and he sailed up and down the coast of Alaska and of Wash- ington, but failed to discover either the Columbia river or the straits of Fuca. His labors, however, did more to establish true geographical notions than had the combined efforts of all the Spanish navigators who had preceded him. His voyages materially strengthened England's claim to Oregon, and added greatly to the luster of her name. The great captain, while tempo- rarily on shore, was killed bylndians, in 1778, and the command devolved upon Captain Clark, who sailed northward, passing through Behring strait to the Arctic ocean. The new commander died before the expedition had proceeded far on its return journey; Lieutenant Gore, a Virginian, assumed control and sailed to Canton, China, a riving late in the year.

The main purposes of this expedition had been the discovery of a northern waterway between the two oceans and the extending of British territory, but, as is so often the case in human affairs, one of the most important results of the voyage was entirely unsus- pected by the navigators and practically the outcome of an accident. It so happened that the two vessels of the expedition, the Revolution and the Discovery, took with them to China a small collection of furs from the northwest coast of America. These were purchased by the Chinese with great avidity, the people exhibiting a willingness to barter commodities of much value for them and endeavoring to secure them at almost any sacrifice. The sailors were not backward in communi- cating their discovery of a new and promising market for peltries, and the impetus imparted to the fur trade was almost immeasurable in its ultimate effects. An entirely new regime was inaugurated in Chinese and

HISTORY OF NORTH IDAHO.

East India commerce. The northwest coast of Amer- ica assumed a new importance in the eyes of Europeans, and especially of the British. The "struggle for pos- session" soon began to be foreshadowed.

One of the prnicipal harbors resorted to by the fur-trading vessels was Nootka, used as a rendezvous and principal port of departure. This port became the scene of a clash between Spanish authorities and cer- tain British vessels which greatly strained the friendly relations existing between the two governments repre- sented. In 1779 the viceroy of Mexico sent two ships, the Princess and San Carlos, to convey Martinez and De Haro to the vicinity for the purpose of anticipating and preventing the occupancy of Nootka sound by fur traders of other nations and that the Spanish title to the territory might be maintained and confirmed. Mar- tinez was to base his claim upon the discovery by Perez in 1774.. Courtesy was to be extended to foreign vessels, but the establishment of any claim prejudicial to the right of the Spanish crown was to be vigorously resisted/

Upon the arrival of Martinez in the harbor, it was discovered that the American vessel Columbia, and the Iphigenia, a British vessel, under a Portuguese flag, were lying in the harbor. Martinez at once demanded the papers of both vessels and an explanation of their presence, vigorously asserting the claim of Spain that the port and contiguous territory were hers. The Cap- tain of the Iphigenia pleaded stress of weather. On finding that the vessel's papers commanded the cap- ture, under certain conditions, of Russian, Spanish or English vessels. Martinez seized the ship, but on being advised that the orders relating to captures were in- tended only to apply to the defense of the vessel, the Spaniard released the Iphigenia and her cargo. The Northwest America, another vessel of the same expedi- tion, was, however, seized by Martinez a little later.

It should be remembered that these British vessels had in the inception of the enterprise divested them- selves of their true national character and donned the insignia of Portugal, their reasons being : First, to de- fraud the Chinese government, which made special harbor rates to the Portuguese, and, second, to defraud the East India Company, to whom had been granted the right of trading in furs in Northwest America to the exclusion of all other British subjects, except such as should obtain the permission of the company. To maintain their Portuguese nationality they had placed the expedition nominally under the control of Jaun Cavalho, a Portuguese trader. Prior to the time of the trouble in Nootka, however, Cavalho had become a bankrupt and new arrangements had become necessary. The English traders were compelled to unite their in- terests with those of King George's Sound Company, a mercantile association operating under license from the South Sea and East India Companies, the Portu- guese colors had been laid aside and the true national character of the expedition assumed. Captain Colnutt

under the new regime, with instructions, among other things, "to establish a factory to be called Fort Pitt, for the purpose of permanent settlement, and as a center of

trade around which other stations may be established." One vessel of the expedition, the Princess Royal, entered Nootka harbor without molestation, but when the Argonaut, under command of Captain Colnutt, ar- rived, it was thought best by the master not to attempt an entrance to the bay lest his vessel should meet the same fate which had befallen the Iphigenia and the Northwest America. Later Colnutt called on Mar- tinez and informed the Spanish governor of his inten- tion to take possession of the country in the name of Great Britain and to erect a fort. The governor re- plied that possession had already been taken in the name of his Catholic Majesty and that such acts as he (Colnutt) contemplated could not be allowed. An altercation followed and the next day the Argonaut was seized and her captain and crew placed under ar- rest. The Princess Royal was also seized, though the American vessels in the harbor were in no way mo- lested.

After an extended and at times heated controversy between Spain and Great Britain touching these seiz- ures, the former government consented to make repar- ation and offered a suitable apology for the indignity to the honor of the flag. The feature of this corres- pondence of greatest import in the future history of the territory affected is that throughout the entire con- troversy in all the messages and debates of parliament, no word was spoken asserting a claim of Great Britain to any territorial rights or denying the claim of sov- ereignty so positively and persistently avowed by Spain, neither was Spanish sovereignty denied or in any way alienated by the treaty which followed. Certain real property was restored to British subjects, but a trans- fer of realty is not a transfer of sovereignty.

We pass over the voyage of the illustrious French navigator, La Perouse. as of more importance from a scientific than a political standpoint; neither can we dwell upon the explorations of Captain Berkley, to whom belongs the honor of having ascertained the existence of the strait afterward denominated Jaun de Fuca. Of somewhat greater moment in the later history of the northwest are the voyages of Meares, who entered and described the above mentioned strait, and who, in 1788, explored the coast at the point where the great Columbia mingles its crystal current with the waters of the sea. In the diplomatic battle of later days it was even claimed by some that he was the discover of that great "River of the West." Howbeit, nothing can be surer than that the existence of such a river was utterly unknown to him at the time. Indeed his con- viction of its non-existence was thus stated in his own account of the voyage : "We can now with safety assert that there is no such river as the St. Roc (of the Span- iard, Heceta) exists, as laid down in the Spanish charts," and he gave a further unequivocal expression

ception Bay and the promontory 'north of it Cape Dis- appointment. "Disappointed and deceived." remarks Evans facetiously, "he continued his cruise southward to latitude forty-five degrees north."

It is not without sentiments of patriotic pride that we now turn our attention to a period of discovery in

HISTORY OF NORTH IDAHO.

which the vessels of our own nation played a prominent part. The northern mystery, which had been partially resolved by the Spanish, English, French and Portu- guese explorations, was now to be completely robbed of its mystic charm, speculation and myth must now give place to exact knowledge, the game of discovery must hereafter be played principally between the two branches of the Anglo-Saxon race, and Anglo-Saxon energy, thoroughness and zeal are henceforth to char- acterize operations on the shores of the Pacific north- west. The United States had but recently won their independence from the British crown and their ener- gies were finding a fit field of activity in the titanic task of national organization. Before the constitution had become the supreme law of the land, however, the alert mind of the American had begun projecting voy- ages of discovery and trade to the northwest, and in September, 1788, two vessels with the stars and stripes at their mastheads arrived at Nootka sound. Their presence in the harbor while the events cul- minating in the Nootka treaty were transpiring has already been alluded to. The vessels were the ship Columbia, Captain John Kendrick, and the sloop Washington, Captain Robert Gray, and the honor of having sent them to our shores belongs to one Joseph Barrel, a prominent merchant of Boston, and a man of high social standing and great influence. While one of the impelling motives of his enterprise had been the desire of commercial profit, the element of patriotism was not wholly lacking, and the vessels were instructed to make what explorations and discoveries they might.

After remaining a time on the coast, Captain Ken- drick transferred his ship's property to the Washing- ton, with the intention of taking a cruise in that vessel. He placed Captain Gray in command of the Columbia with instructions to return to Boston by way of the Sandwich Islands and China. This commission was successfully carried out. The vessel arrived in Boston in September, 1790, was received with great eclat, re- fitted by her owners and again dispatched to the shores of the Pacific with Captain Gray in command. In July, 1791, the Columbia, from Boston, and the Wash- ington, from China, met not far from the spot where they had separated nearly two years before. They wert not t> i remain long in company, however, for Cap- tain Gray soon started on a cruise southward. On April 29, 1792, Gray met Vancouver just below Cape Flat- tery and an interesting colloquy took place. Van- couver communicated to the American- skipper the fact that he had not vet made any important discover- eries, and Gray, with equal frankness, gave the emi- nent British explorer an account of his past discover- ies, "including," says Bancroft, "the fact that he had not sailed through Fuca straight in the Lady Washing- ton, as had been supposed from Meares' narrative and map." He also informed Captain. Vancouver that he had been "off the mouth of a river in latitude forty- six degrees, ten minutes, where the outset, or reflux, was so strong as to prevent his entering for nine days."

The important information conveyed by Gray seems to have greatly disturbed the equipoise of Vancouver's

mind. The enterics in his log show that he did not en- tirely credit the statement of the American, but that he was considerably perturbed is evinced by the fact that he tries to convince himself by argument that Gray's statement could not have been correct. The latitude assigned by the American was that of Cape Disappointment, and the existence of a river mouth there, although affirmed by Heceta, had been denied by Meares ; Captain Cook also had failed to find it ; be- sides, had he not himself passed that point two days be- fore and had he not observed that "if any inlet or river should be found it must be a very intricate one, and inaccessible to vessels of our burden, owing to the reefs and broken water which then appeared in its neighbor- hood." With such reasoning, he dismissed the matter from his mind for the time being. He continued his journey northward, passed through the straight of Fuca, and engaged in a thorough and minute explora- tion of that mighty inland sea, to a portion of which he gave the name Puget Sound.

Meanwhile Gray was proceeding southward "in the track of destiny and glory." On May 7th he en- tered the harbor which now bears his name and four days later passed through the breakers over the bar, and his vessel's prow plowed the waters of that fa- mous "River of the West," whose existence had been so long suspected. The storied "Oregon" for the first time heard other sound than "its own dashing."

Shortly afterward Vancouver came to Cape Disap- pointment to explore the Columbia, of which he had heard indirectly from Captain Gray. Lieutenant Broughton, of Vancouver's expedition, sailed over the bar, ascended the river a distance of more than one hundred miles to the site of the present Vancouver, and with a modesty truly remarkable, "takes possession of the river and the country in its vicinity in his Britannic Majesty's name, having every reason to believe that the subjects of no other civilized nation or state had ever entered it before." This, too, though he had re- ceived a salute of one gun from an American vessel, the Jennie, on his entrance to the bay. The lieutenant's claim was not to remain forever unchallenged, as will appear presently.

With the exploration of Puget sound and the dis- covery of the Columbia, history-making maritime ad- venture practically ceased. But as the fabled straic of Anian had drawn explorers to the Pacific shores in quest of the mythical passage to the treasurers of Ind, so likewise did the fairy tales of La Hontan and others stimulate inland exploration. "Furthermore, the mys- tic charm possessed by a terra incognita was becoming irresistible to adventurous spirits, and the possibilities of discovering untold wealth in the vaults of its "shin-

were exceedingly fascinating to the lover of gain.

The honor of pioneership in overland exploration belongs to one Verendrye, who, under authority of the governor-general of New France, in 1773 set out on an expedition to the Rocky mountains from Canada. This

portant explorations, but as they failed to find a pass through the Rocky mountains by which they could

HISTORY OF NORTH IDAHO.

come to the Pacific side, their adventures do not fall within the purview of our volume. They are said to have reached the vicinity of the present city of Helena.

If, as seems highly probable, the events chronicled by La Page in his charming "Histoire de la Louisi- ane," published in 1758, should be taken as authentic, the first man to scale the Rocky mountains from the east and to make his way overland to the shores of the Pacific was a Yazoo Indian, Moncacht-ape or Mont- cachabe by name. But "the first traveler to lead a part}- of civilized men through the territory of the Stony mountains to the South sea" was Alexander Mackenzie, who, in 1793, reached the coast at fifty- two degrees, twenty-four minutes, forty-eight sec- onds north, leaving as a memorial of his visit, inscribed on a rock with vermillion and grease the words "Alex- andar Mackenzie, from Canada by land, July 22, 1793."

But western exploration by land had elicited the in- terest of one whose energy and force were sufficient to bring to a successful issue almost any undertaking worth the effort. While the other statesmen and leg- islators of his time were fully engaged with the prob- lems of the moment, the great mind of Thomas Jef- ferson, endowed as it was with a wider range of vision and more comprehensive grasp of the true situation was projecting exploring expeditions into the north- west. In 1786, while serving as minister to Paris, he had fallen in with the ardent Ledyard, who was on fire with the idea of opening a large and profitable fur trade in the north Pacific region. To this young man he had suggested the idea of journeying to Kam- tchatka, then in a Russian vessel to Nootka sound, from which, as a starting point, he should make an exploring expedition easterly to the United States. Ledyard acted on the suggestion, but was arrested as a spy in the spring of 1787 by Russian officials and so severely treated as to cause a failure of his health and a consequent failure of his enterprise.

The next effort of Jefferson was made in 1792, when he proposed to the American Philosophical Soci- ety that it should engage a competent scientist "to ex- plore northwest America from the eastward by ascend- ing the Missouri, crossing the Rocky mountains and de- scending the nearest river to the Pacific ocean." The idea was favorably received. Captain Meriwether Lewis, who afterward distinguished himself as one of the leaders of the Lewis and Clark expedition, of- fered his services, but for some reason Andre Mich- aux, a French botanist, was given the preference. Mich- aux proceeded as far as Kentucky, but there received an order from the French minister, to whom, it seems, he also owed obedience, that he should relinquish his appointment and engage upon the duties of another commission.

It was not until after the opening of the new cen- turv that another opportunity for furthering his fa- vorite project presented itself to Jefferson. An act of congress, under which trading houses had been es- tablished for facilitating commerce with the Indians, was about to expire by limitation, and President Jef- ferson, in recommending its continuance, seized the opportunity to urge upon congress the advisability of

fitting out an expedition, the object of which should be "to explore the Missouri river and such principal streams of it as, by its course of communication with the waters of the Pacific ocean, whether the Columbia, Oregon, Colorado or any other river, may offer the most direct and practical water communication across the continent, for the purpose of commerce."

Congress voted an appropriation for the purpose, and the expedition was placed in charge of Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. President Jef- ferson gave the explorers minute and particular in- structions as to investigations to be made by them. They were to inform themselves, should they reach the Pacific ocean, "of the circumstances which may decide whether the furs of those parts may be col- lected as advantageously at the head of the 'Missouri (convenient as is supposed to the Colorado and Ore- gon or Columbia) as at Nootka sound or any other part of the coast; and the trade be constantly con- ducted through the Missouri and United States more beneficially than by the circumnavigation now prac- ticed." In addition to the instructions already quoted, these explorers were directed to ascertain if possible on arriving at the seaboard if there were any ports within their reach frequented by the sea vessels of any nation, and to send, if practicable, two of their most trusted people back by sea with copies of their notes. They were also, if they deemed a return by the way they had come imminently hazardous, to ship the en- tire party and return via Good Hope or Cape Horn, as they might be able.

A few days before the initial steps were taken in discharge of the instructions of President Jefferson, news reached the seat of government of a transaction which added materially to the significance of the en- terprise. Negotiations had been successfully consum- mated for the purchase of Louisiana on April 30, 1803, but the authorities at Washington did not hear of the important transfer until the 1st of July. Of such trans- cendant import to the future of our country was this transaction and of such vital moment to the section with which our volume is primarily concerned, that we must here interrupt the trend of our narrative to give the reader an idea of the extent of territory involved and, if pos- sible, to enable him to appreciate the influence of the purchase. France, by her land explorations and the establishment of trading posts and forts, first acquired title to the territory west of the Mississippi and east of the Rocky mountains, though Great Britain claimed the territory in accordance with her doctrine of con- tinuity and contiguity, most of her colonial grants extending in express terms to the Pacific ocean. Spain also claimed the country by grant of Pope Alexander VI. A constant warfare had been waged between France and Great Britain for supremacy in America. The latter was the winner in the contest, and in 1762, France, apparently discouraged, ceded to Spain the province of Louisiana. By the treaty of February 10, 1763, which gave Great Britain the Canadas, it was agreed that the western boundary between English and Spanish possessions in America should be the Missis-

HISTORY OF NORTH IDAHO.

sippi river, Great Britain renouncing all claim to the territory west of that boundary. In 1800 Spain retro- ceded Louisiana to France "with the same extent it has now in the hands of Spain, and which it had when France possessed it, and such as it should be according to the treaties subsequently made betwen Spain and other states."

The order for the formal delivery of the province to France was issued by the Spanish king on October 15, 1802, and, as above stated, the United States suc- ceeded to the title by treaty pf April 30, 1803.

Of the long, weary land marches which brought the doughty explorers, 'Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, to the pure currents of the Clearwater, space forbids narration. It is pleasant to record that the travel-worn expedition received hospitable treat- ment upon reaching the spot where Lewiston now stands. The Nez Perces were friendly, gave the ex- plorers what information they could about the remain- der of their journey and readily traded them such food supplies as they were able. While details of this his- tory-making expedition to the mouth of the Columbia and back again to the eastern states must be sought elsewhere, we shall here quote a summary of the jour- ney given by Captain Lewis himself, which will convey some idea of the momentous task successfully accom- plished by these giants of the wilderness :

"The road by which we went out by the way of the Missouri to its head is 3,096 miles ; thence by land by way of Lewis river over to Clark's river and down that to the entrance of Traverse's Rest creek, where all the roads from different routes meet ; thence across the rugged part of the Rocky mountains to the naviga- ble waters of the Columbia', 398 miles; thence down the river 640 miles to the Pacific ocean — making a total distance of 4,134 miles. On our return in .1806 we came from Traveler's Rest directly to the falls of the Missouri river, which shortens the distance about 579 miles and is a much better route, reducing the distance from the Mississippi to the Pacific ocean to 3,555 miles. Of this journey 2,575 miles is up the Missouri to the falls of that river; thence passing through the plains and across the Rocky mountains to the navigable waters of the Kooskooskia river, a branch of the Columbia, 340 miles, two hundred of which is good road, 140 over a tremendous mountain, steep and broken, 60 miles of which is covered several feet deep with snow, on which we passed on the last of June ; from the navigable' part of the Kooskooskia we descended that rapid river 73 miles to its enterance into Lewis river, and down that river 154 miles to the Columbia, and thence 413 miles to its entrance into the Pacific ocean. About 180 miles of this distance is tide water. We passed several bad rapids and nar- rows and one considerable fall, 268 miles above the entrance of this river, 37 feet, eight inches; the total distance descending the Columbia waters, 640 miles, making a total of 3,555 miles, on the most direct route from the Mississippi at the mouth of the Missouri to the Pacific ocean."

The safe return of the explorers to their homes in the United States naturally created a sensation through-

out that country and the world. Leaders and men were suitably rewarded, and the fame of the former will live while the rivers to which their names have been given, continue to pour their waters into the sea. President Jefferson, the great patron of the expedition, paying a tribute to Captain Lewis in 1813, said: "Nev- er did a similar event create more joy throughout the United States. The humblest of its citizens have taken a lively interest in the issue of this journey, and looked with impatience for the information it would furnish. Nothing short of the official journals of this extraor- dinary and interesting journey will exhibit the import- ance of the service, the courage, devotion, zeal and per- severance under circumstances calculated to discourage, which animated this little band of heroes, throughout the long, dangerous and tedious travel."

The knowledge of the Columbia basin, resulting from the extensive exploration of Lewis and Clark, soon bore fruit in a number of commercial enterprises, the first of which was the Astor expedition. It was so called from John Jacob Astor, a native of Heidelburg, who had come to America poor and had amassed a large fortune in commercial transactions. In 1800 there was conceived in the brain of this great captain of industry a scheme which for magnitude of design and careful arrangement of detail was truly master- ful. It contemplated the prosecution of the fur trade in every unsettled territory of America claimed by the United States, the trade with China and the supp'ly of the Russian settlements with trading stock and pro- visions, the goods to be paid for in peltry. A vessel was to be dispatched at regular intervals from New York, bearing supplies and goods to be traded to the Indians. This was to discharge her cargo at a depot of trade to be established at the mouth of the Columbia river, then trade along the coast with Indians and at the Russian settlements until another cargo had been in part secured, return to the mouth of the river, com- plete her lading there, sail thence to China, receive a return cargo of Canton silks, nankeen and tea, and back to New York. Two years would pass in com- pleting this vast "commercial rounding-up." An im- portant part of this plan was the supply of the Russian posts at New Archangel, the object being two fold, — first to secure the profits accruing therefrom, and sec- onflly, to shut off competition in Mr. Astor's own ter- ritory, through the semi-partnership with the Russians in furnishing them supplies. Careful arrangements had been made with the Russian government to pre- vent any possible clash between the vessels of the two companies which should be engaged in the coast trade. "It was," says Brewerton, "a collossal scheme, and deserved to succeed ; had it done so it would have ad- vanced American settlement and actual occupancy on the Northwest coast by at least a quarter of a century, giving employment to thousands, and transferred the enormous profits of the Hudson's Bay and Northwest British fur companies from English to American cof- fers."

Notwithstanding the opposition of the Northwest Fur Company, a powerful British corporation. As- tor's sea expedition reached the mouth of the Columbia

HISTORY OF NORTH IDAHO.

before the territory had been pre-empted by any other fur traders. His overland company arrived' later, after having suffered terrible hardships, being well nigh overcome by the fatigues of their journey, the rigors of the inhospitable mountain ranges and lack of food. Astoria was founded and named. The little colony of traders set vigorously about the task of carrying into execution Astor's comprehensive plan. There were many difficulties to be overcome and one serious disaster, the massacre of the Tonquin's crew and the subsequent destruction of that vessel, had its decidedly depressing effect. Nevertheless, the Astor expedi- tion would have doubtless proved a success were it not for two unfortunate circumstances. In the choice of his partners in the Pacific Fur Company, Mr. Astor had made a serious mistake. Broad minded and liberal himself, he did not appreciate the danger of entrusting his undertaking to the hands of men whose national prejudices were bitterly anti- American and whose pre- vious connection with a rival company might affect their loyalty to this one. He associated with himself as partners in the enterprise Donald Mackenzie, Alex- ander Mackay, who had accompanied Alexandar Mac- kenzie on his voyage of discovery, hence possessed in- valuable experience, and Duncan Macdougal, all late of the Northwest Company, and though men of great skill and experience, schooled in the prejudices of the association with which they had so long maintained connection, and able to see only through British eyes. To the partners already enumerated were subsequently added Wilson P. Hunt and Robert Maclellan, Ameri- cans, John Clarke, a Canadian, David and Robert Stu- art and Ramsey Crooks, Scotchmen, and others.

The second unfortunate circumstance and the one which gave perfidity a chance to perform its perfect work was the outbreak of the war of 1812. The dan- ger that Astoria might be captured by the British (for the United States had neglected to furnish suitable protection to this most remote outpost of its domin- ion) gave the traitorous Macdougal a colorable ex- cuse to betray into the hands of the Northwest Com- pany Mr. Astor's interests on the Pacific coast. The denouement of the plot was in this wise. On the 8th of October, 1813, Macdougal, by way of preparation for his final coupe, read a letter announcing the sailing of two British armed vessels, the Phoebe and the Is- aac Todd, with orders "to take and destroy everything American on the Northwest coast."

"This dramatic scene," says Evans, "was followed by a proposition of MacTavish (of the Northwest Fur Company) to purchase the interests, stocks, establish- ments, etc. of the Pacific Fur Company. Macdougal then assumed sole control and agency because of the non-arrival of Hunt, and after repeated conference with MacTavish in which the presence of the other part- ners was ignored, the sale was concluded at certain rates. A few days later J. Stuart arrived with the re- mainder of the Northwest party. He objected to Mac- Tavish's prices and lowered the rates materially. Mr. Stuart's offer was accepted by Macdougal and the agreement of transfer was signed October i6th. By it Duncan Macdougal, for and on behalf of himself, Don-

ald Mackenzie, David Stuart and John Clarke, part- ners of the Pacific Fur Company, dissolved July 1st, pretended to sell to his British conferes and co-con- spirators of the Northwest Company 'the whole of the establishments, furs and present stock on hand, of the Columbia and Thompson's rivers.' "

It is needless to add that on the arrival of the Brit- ish vessels Astoria became a British possession. The formal change of sovereignty and raising of the Union Jack took place on December I2th, and as if to oblit- erate all trace of Mr. Astor's operations, the name of Astoria was changed to Fort George. The arrival of Isaac Todd the following spring with a cargo of trad- ing goods and supplies enabled the Northwest Com- pany to enter vigorously into the prosecution of their trade in the territory of their wronged and outraged rival. "Thus disgracefully failed," says Evans, "a magnificent enterprise, which merited success for sa- gacity displayed, in its conception, its details, its ob- jects; for the liberality and munificence of its projec- tor in furnishing means adequate for its thorough exe- cution ; for the results it had aimed to produce. It was inaugurated purely for commercial purposes. Had it not been transferred to its enemies, it would have pion- eered the colonization of the northwest coast by citi- zens of the United States ; it would have furnished the natural and peaceful solution of the question of the right to the territory drained by the Columbia and its tributaries.

"The scheme was grand in its aim, magnificent in its breadth of purpose and area of operation. Its re- sults were naturally feasible, not over-anticipated. They were but the logical and necessary sequences of the pursuit of the plan. Mr. Astor made no miscal-

hope to lead him into any wild or imaginary venture. He was practical, generous, broad. He executed what Sir Alexander Mackenzie urged should be adopted as the policy of British capital and enterprise. That one American citizen should have individually undertaken what two mammoth British companies had not the courage to try was but an additional cause which had intensified national prejudice into embittered jealousy on the part of the British rivals, the Northwest Com- pany."

By the first article of the treaty of Ghent entered into between Great Britain and the' United States, De- cember 14, 1814, it was agreed "that all territory, places and possessions whatsoever taken by either party from the other, during or after the war, should be restored." Astoria, therefore, again became the possession of the United States, and in September, 1817, the government sent the sloop-of-war Ontario "to assert the claim of the United States to the sover- eignty of the adjacent country, and especially to re-' occupy Astoria or Fort George." The formal' surren- der of the fort is dated October 6, 1818.

Mr. Astor had urged the United States to repos- sess Astoria, and intended fully to resume operations in the basin of the Columbia, but the Pacific Fur Com- pany was never reorganized, and never again did the

HISTORY OF NORTH IDAHO.

great captain of industry engage in trade on the shores of the Pacific.

Brief and general though this introductory sketch must be we cannot omit mention of the two British fur companies who played such a prominent part in the early history of the section to which the five northern counties of Idaho belong. Although organized in 1774, the Northwest Company, successor in interest of the Pacific Fur Company, did not attain to high prestige until the dawn of the nineteenth century. Then, how- ever, it seemed to take on new life, and before the first half decade was passed it had become the successful rival of the Hudson's Bay Company for the fur trade of the interior of North America. The Hudson's Bay Company when originally chartered in 1670 was granted in a general way the right to traffic in Hud- son's Bay and the territory contiguous thereto, and the Northwest Company began to insist that the grant should be more strictly construed. The boundaries of Prince Rupert's land, as the Hudson's Bay territory was named, had never been definitely determined and there had long been contention in those regions which were claimed by that company but denied to it by the other fur traders. Beyond the recognized area of the Hudson's Bay territory, the old Northwest Company (a French company which had fallen, at the time of the fall of Canada into the possession of the British) had been a competitor of the Hudson's Bay Company. When this FTench association went out of existence the con- test was kept up by private merchants, but without lasting success. The new Northwest Company, of Montreal, united and cemented into one organization all these individuals for the better discharge of the common purpose. It is interesting to note the theory of trade of this association as contrasted with that of the Hudson's Bay Company.

From established posts as centers of operations, the Montreal association dispatched parties in all di- rections to visit the villages and haunts of the natives and secure furs from every source possible. It went to the natives for their goods, while the rival company so arranged its posts that these were convenient to the whole Indian population, then depended upon the abor- igines to bring in their peltries and exchange the same for such articles as might supply their wants or gratify their fancies. Consequently the one company required many employees, the other comparatively few. The clerks or traders of the Montreal association were re- quired to serve an apprenticeship of seven years at small wages. That term successfully completed, the stipend was doubled. Skill and special aptitude in trad- ing brought speedy promotions, and the chance to be- come a partner in the business was an unfailing incent- ive to strenuous effort. The Hudson's Bay Company, on the other hand, had established fixed grades of com- 'pensation. Promotion was slow, coming periodically rather than as a reward for specially meritorious serv- ice, and though faithfulness to duty was required, no incentive was offered for special endeavor. The Hud- son's Bay Company based its territorial title upon a specific grant from the crown, while the rival associa- tion sought no other title than such as priority of oc-

cupancy and pre-emption afforded. It claimed as its. field of operation all unoccupied territory wherever lo- cated.

The Northwest Company showed also its animus to confirm and strengthen British title to all territories adversely claimed, and wherever a post was estab- lished the territory contiguous thereto was ceremoni- ously taken possession of "in the name of the king of Great Britain, for the Northwest Company." Its es- tablishments and possessions afterward constituted the substantial basis of Great Britain's claim to the territory.

Rivalry between these two companies was carried to such an extent that both were brought to the verge of bankruptcy. British interests were being en- dangered through this trade war and something had to be done. The governor general of Canada appointed a commission to investigate conditions, and that com- mission recommended a union of the two companies. Nothing, however, of material benefit resulted. Event- ually, in the winter of 1819-20, Lord Bathurst, Brit- ish secretary of state for the colonies, took up the matter and through his meditation a union was finally effected. On March 20, 1821, it was mutually agreed that both companies should operate under the charter of the Hudson's Bay Company, furnishing equal amounts of capital and sharing equally the profits, the arrangement to continue in force for twenty-one years.

By 1824 all the rights and interests of the stock- holders late of the Northwest Company had passed into the hands of the Hudson's Bay Company. . The absorb- tion of the one corporation by the other was com- plete. The treacherous and perfidious treatment of Mr. Astor and the demoralization of his partners availed the greedy Northwesters but little, for they were soon after conquered and subdued and forever deprived of their identity as a company by their powerful rival and enemy.

The Hudson's Bay Company now became the sole owner and proprietor of the trade west of the Rocky mountains, and of all the rights accruing under the license of trade issued to it and the Northwest Com- pany by the British parliament. An "iinperhtm in im- ptrio" Evans characterized this company and such it was for it was in possession of well-nigh absolute power over its employes and the native races with whom it traded. It wa's constituted "The true and ab- solute lords and proprietors of the territories, limits and places, save always the faith, allegiance and sov- ereign dominion clue to us (the crown), our heirs and successors, for the same, to hold as tenants in fee and common socage, and not by knight's service, reserving as a yearly rent, two elks and two black beavers." Power was granted, should occasion arise, to "send ships of war, men or ammunition to any fort, post or place for defense thereof; to raise military companies and to appoint their officers ; to make war or conclude peace with any people (not Christian), in any of their territories," also "to seize the goods, estates or people of those countries for damage to the company's inter- est, or for the interruption of trade ; to erect and build forts, garrisons, towns, villages ; -to establish colonies

HISTORY OF NORTH IDAHO.

and to support such establishments by expeditions fit- ted out in Great Britain; to seize all British subjects not connected with the company, or employed by them, or in such territory by their license, and send them to England." Should one of its factors, traders or other employees "contemn or disobey an order, he was liable to be punished by the president or council, who were authorized to prescribe the manner and measure of punishment. The offender had the right to appeal to the company in England, or he might be turned over for trial by the courts. For the better discovery of abuses and injuries by the servants, the governor and company, and their respective president, chief agent or governor in any of the territories, were authorized to examine on oath all factors, masters, pursers, super- cargoes, commanders of castles, forts, fortifications, plantations, or colonies, or other persons, touching or concerning any matter or thing sought to be investi- gated." To further strengthen the hands of the com- pany, the charter concludes with a royal mandate to all '"'admirals, vice-admirals, justices, mayors, sheriffs, constables, bailiffs, and all and singular other our of- ficers, ministers, liegemen, subjects whatsoever, to aid, favor, help and assist the said governor and company to enjoy, as well on land as on the seas, all the prem- ises in said charter contained, whensoever required." Something of the modus operand! of the company must now be given. The chief factors and chief trad- •ers were paid no salaries, but in lieu thereof were given forty per cent, of the profits, divided among them on some basis deemed equitable by the company. The

hundred pounds per annum. Below these again were the servants, whose term of enlistment (for such in •effect it was) was for five years, and whose pay was seventeen pounds per annum without clothing. The servant was bound by indentures to devote his whole time and labor to the company's interests ; to yield obe- dience to sprerior officers ;to defend the company's property; to faithfully obey the laws, orders, -etc; to defend officers and agents of the com- pany to ,the extent of his ability; to serve in the capacity of a soldier whenever called upon so to do ; to attend military drill ; and never to engage or be interested in any trade or occupation except in accordance with the company's orders and for its bene- fit. In addition to the pittance paid him, the servant was entitled, should he desire to remain in the country after the expiration of his term of enlistment, to fifty acres of land, for which he was to render twenty-eight

before the expiration of his term, the servant, it was agreed, should be transported to his European home free of charge. Desertion or neglect might be punished by the forfeiture of even the wretched pittance he was to receive. It was, furthermore, the policv of the com-

their purpose being to create family ties which should bind the poor slave to the soil. By the time the serv- ant's term of enlistment had expired, there was, there- fore, usually no choice left him but to re-enlist or ac- cept the grant of land. "In times of peace, laborers

and operatives were ever on hand at mere nominal wages ; in times of outbreak they were at once trans- formed into soldiers amenable to military usage and discipline."

The system was certainly a fine one, viewed from the standpoint of the company, but while it may com- mand admiration for its ingenuity, it is certainly not to be commended for magnanimity. Its design and purpose was to turn the wealth of the country into the coffers of the English noblemen who owned Hudson's Bay stock, even though this should be done at the ex- pense of the manhood, the self-respect and the inde- pendence of the poor sons of toil who foolishly or from necessity bound themselves to its service.

The Indian policy of the company was no less politic than its treatment of its employees, but it had much more in it that was truly commendable. Its purpose did not bring its employees into conflict with the Indian, nor require his expulsion, neither was there danger of the lands of the savages being appropriated or the graves of their people disturbed. The sale of intoxi- cants was positively and successfully prohibited. Con- ciliation was the wisest policy for the company, and it governed itself accordingly ; but when punishment was merited, it was administered with promptness and se- verity. When depredations were committed the tribe to which the malefactor belonged was pursued by an armed force and compelled to deliver up the guilty to his fate. A certain amount of civilization was in- troduced, and with it came an increase of wants, which wants could only be supplied at the company's forts. Indians were sent on hunting and trapping expedi- tions in all directions, so that concentration of tribes became difficult, and if attempted, easily perceived in time to circumvent it and prevent trouble. Thus the company secured an influence over the savage and a place in his affections, from which it could not easily be dislodged.

In its treatment of missionaries, civil and military officers and others from the United States, the com- pany's factors and agents were uniformly courteous and kind. Their hospitality was in the highest degree commendable, meriting the gratitude of the earliest visitors and settlers. The poor and unfortunate never asked assistance in vain. But woe to the American who attempted to trade with the Indian, to trap, hunt or do anything which brought him into competition with the British corporation. All the resources of a company supplied with an abundance of cheap labor, supported by the friendship and affection of the aboriginal peo- ples, backed by an almost unlimited capital, and forti- fied by the favor of one of the wealthiest and most powerful nations of the earth, were at once turned to crush him. Counter establishments were formed in his vicinity, and he was hampered in every way possible and pursued with the relentlessness of an evil fate until compelled to retire from the field.

Such being the condition, there was not much en- couragement for American enterprise in the basin of the Columbia. It is not, however, in the American character to yield a promising prospect without a strug- gle and many times efforts were made at competition in

HISTORY OF NORTH IDAHO.

the Oregon territory. William H. Ashley, Jedediah S. Smith, Captain Nathaniel J. Wyeth and others tried their hands but all were compelled to give up in de- spair.

More important perhaps than the loss of profits which might accrue to America from the successful prosecution of the fur trade was the weakening of America's title to the country, through the establish- ment of British trading posts, the colonization of re- tired officers and servants as cultivators of the public domain, etc. It is true that the joint occupancy con- ventions of 1818 and 1827, by which British and Ameri- cans alike were allowed to occupy the country, ex- pressly stipulated that no advantage should inure to either of the high contracting parties by virtue of any acts performed subsequent to the date of the first con- vention. However clear and explicit the language of the treaty, no observer could fail to note that the establishment of trading enterprises was giving Great Britain a decided advantage in the struggle for title to the Oregon country. The Hundson's Bay Company had a political mission and was playing a prominent part in inter-national affairs. This it openly avowed in 1837 in its application to the home government for a new license granting enlarged privileges. It pointed boastfully to its efficient services in successfully crush- ing out American enterprise, and in strengthening the British title to the territory, contrary to the spirit and letter of the joint occupancy treaties.

In presenting the petition, the company's chief rep- resentative in England, Sir John Henry Pelly, called the attention of the lords to the service rendered in securing to the mother country a branch of trade, wrested from subjects of Russia and the United States of America : to the six permanent establishments it had on the coast, and the sixteen in the interior, besides the migratory and hunting parties ; to its marine of six armed vessels; to its large pasture and grain farms, affording every species of agricultural produce and maintaining large herds of stock. He further averred that it was the intention of the company to still further extend and increase its farms, and to establish an ex- port trade in wool, hides, tallow and other produce of the herd and the cultivated field, also to encourage the settlement of its retired servants and other emigrants under its protection. Referring to the soil, climate and other circumstances of the country, he said they were such as to make it "as much adapted to agricultural pursuits as any other spot in America ; and," said he, "with care and protection the British dominion may not only be preserved in this country, which it has been so much the wish of Russia and America to occupy to the exclusion of British subjects, but British interest and British influence may be maintained as paramount in this interesting part of the coast of the Pacific."

Sir George Simpson, who was in charge of the Hud- son's Bay Company's affairs in America, in making his plea for the renewal of the license, referred to the international import of the company's operations in this language: "The possession of that country to Great Britain may be an object of very great importance; and we are strengthening that claim to it (independent

of the claims of prior discovery and occupation for the purpose of Indian trade) by forming the nucleus of a colony through the establishment of farms, and the set- tlement of some of our retired officers and servants as agriculturists."

One might almost expect that Great Britain would offer some word of reproof to a company which could have the audacity to boast of violating her treaty com- pacts with a friendly power. Not so, however. She was a party to the breach of faith. Instead of admin- istering reproof, she rewards the wrong-doers by the promptly issuing of a new license to extend and be in force for a period of twenty-one years. This renewed license, the date of which is May 31, 1838, granted to the company ''the exclusive privilege of trading with the Indians in all such parts of North America, to the northward and westward of the islands and territories belonging to the United States of America, as shall not form part of any of our (British) provinces in North- said United States of America, or to any European- government, state, or power. Without rent for the first five years, and afterward the yearly rent of five shill- ings, payable on the ist of June." The company was again required to furnish a bond conditioned on their executing by their authority over the persons in their employ, "all'civil and criminal process by the officers or persons legally empowered to execute such process within all territories included in the grant, and for the producing or delivering into custody, for the purpose of trial, all persons in their employ or acting under their authority within the said territories, who shall be- charged with any criminal offenses." The license, how- ever, prohibited the company "from claiming or exer- cising any trade with the Indians on the northwest coast of America westward of the Rocky mountains to the prejudice or exclusion of any of the subjects of any foreign state, who, under or by any force of any con- vention for the time being between Great Britain and such foreign states, may be entitled to and shall be en- gaged in such trade." But no provision could be framed, nor was it the wish of the grantors to frame any, which should prevent the Hudson's Bay Company from driving out by harassing tactics and fierce compe- tition, any American who might enter the Oregon ter- ritory as a trader.

Though the citizens of the United States failed to compete with the powerful British company for the profits of the fur trade, neither they nor their govern- ment viewed the aggressiveness of the British with any- thing like apathy. The value of the country early be- came appreciated by a determined little band in con- gress. The debates in that body, as well as the numer- ous publications sent out among the people, stimulated a few daring spirits to brave the dangers of Rocky mountain travel and to see for themselves the truth with regard to Oregon. Reports from these reacted upon congress, enabling it to reason and judge from premises more nearly in accordance with fact. Grad- ually interest in Oregon became intensified, and the determination to hold it for the United States deep- ened. While the country never receded from its con-

HISTORY OF NORTH IDAHO.

viction of the existence of an absolute right of sover- eignty in itself, the people resolved to establish a title which even the British could not question, to win Oregon from Great Britain even in accordonce with the tenets of her own theory. They determined to settle and Americanize the territory. In 1834 an ele- ment of civilization was introduced of a vastly higher nature than any which accompanied the inroad of the Hudson's Bay 'Company's employees and of trappers and traders ; an element more potent also in its politi- cal effect as the event proved. We refer to the en- trance into the country of a party of Methodist mis- sionaries, which accompanied Wyeth's overland expe- dition. The party consisted of Rev. Jason Lee and his nephew, Rev. Daniel Lee, Cyrus Shepherd, Court- ney M, Walker and P. L. Edwards. These settled near the site of the present city of Salem, forming the nucleus of a thrifty American colony, for the party was perforce increased by the marriage of some of its members and by additions to its numbers as the neces- sities of the mission and the progress of its work de- manded. Not only that but the adventurous Rocky mountain men and other whites who became weary of their nomadic habits when they determined to set- tle down naturally sought its vicinity for the sake of its helpful society and influence.

Two years later came another missionary party, sent out by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, an organization then supported by the Congregational, Presbyterian and Dutch Reformed churches. The members of this party were Dr. Mar- cus Whitman and wife, Rev. H. H. Spalding and wife and W. H. Gray. We must pass over for the present the work of these men and those who later became their associates, but their political influence was not less potent than that of the Methodist mis- sionaries and it is certain that Whitman's famous mid- winter ride overland to the east had for one of its momentous results the stimulating of immigration into Oregon. Undoubtedly a large proportion of the near- ly nine hundred who were piloted over the Rockies by Whitman in 1843, were induced to come through the representations and efforts of that great mission- ary patriot.

But besides the missions, several other forces were at work to populate the Northwest with an American people which must be passed over here. The inde- pendent population of the country in 1841 was per- haps 253 ; in 1842 came an immigration of 1 1 1 per- sons; in 1843 came the immigration of 875 persons referred to above; the next year brought 800 more; 1846 added another thousand according to estimate, and so the population continued to grow by annual accretions. America had determined to Oppose her citizens, as settlers and home builders, against the British fur traders, thus introducing into the Oregon question a feature, the vital force and import of which could not be denied by the adverse claimant.

But the transcendant importance of this great con- troversy demands that we trace briefly the history of diplomatic negotiations by which was effected a peace- ful adjustment of international interests so diametri-

cally opposed to each other as to twice all but occa- sion actual conflict of arms.

We need not attempt to trace all the conflicting claims which were at any time set up by different na- tions to parts or the whole of the old Oregon territory, nor to go into the controversy in all its multiform complications, but will confine 'our inquiry mainly to the negotiations after Great Britain and the United States became the sole claimants. France early estab- lished some right to what denominated "the western part of Louisiana," which, in 1762 she conveyed to Spain. This was retroceded to France some thirty- eight years later, and in 1803 was by that nation con- veyed with the rest of Louisiana to the United States. So France was left out of the contest. In 1819, by the treaty of Florida, Spain ceded to the United States all right and title whatsoever which she might have to the territory on the Pacific, north of the forty-second parallel.

What then were the claims of the United States to this vast domain ? Naturally they were of a three-fold character. Our government claimed first in its own right. The Columbia river was discovered by a citi- zen of the United States and named by him. The river had been subsequently explored from its sources to its mouth by a government expedition under Lewis and Clark. This had been followed and its effect strength- ened by American settlements upon the banks of the river. While Astoria, the American settlement, had been captured in the war of 1812-15, it nad been re- stored in accordance with the treaty of Ghent, one pro- vision of which was that "all territory, places and pos- sessions whatsoever, taken by either party from the other during the war, or which may be taken after the signing of this treaty, shall be restored without de- lay."

It was a well established and universally recog- nized principle of international law that the discovery of a river, followed within a reasonable time by acts of occupancy, conveyed the right to the territory drained by the river and its tributary streams. This, it was contended, would make the territory between forty-two degrees and fifty-one degrees north latitude the rightful possession of the United States.

The Americans claimed secondly as the successors of France. By the treaty of Utrecht, the date whereof was 1713, the north line of the Louisiana territory was established as a dividing line between the Hudson's Bay territory and the French provinces in Canada. For centuries it had been a well recognized principle of international law that "continuity" was a strong element of territorial claim. All European powers when colonizing the Atlantic seaboard, construed their colonial grants to extend, whether expressly so stated or otherwise, entirely across the continent to the Pa- cific ocean, and most of these grants conveyed in ex- press terms a strip of territory bounded north and south by stated parallels of latitude and east and west by the oceans. Great Britain herself had stoutly main- tained this principle, even going so far as to wage with France for its integrity, the war which was ended by the treaty of 1763. By that England acquired

HISTORY OF NORTH IDAHO.

Canada and renounced to France all territory west of the Mississippi river. It was therefore contended on the part of the United States that England's claim by continuity passed to France and from France by as- subject to any rights which might prove to belong to Spain.

Thirdly, the United States claimed as the succes- sor of Spain, all the rights that nation might have ac- quired by prior discovery or otherwise having accrued to the United States by' the treaty of Florida.

In the negotiations between Great Britain and the United States, which terminated in the Joint-Occu- pancy treaty of 1818, the latter nation pressed the former for a final quit claim of all territory west of the Rocky mountains. In so doing it asserted its inten- tion "to be without reference or prejudice to the claims of any other power," but it was contended on the part of the American negotiations, Gallitin and Rush, that the discovery of the Columbia by Gray, its exploration by Lewis "and Clark, and the American settlement at Astoria rendered the claim of the United States "at least good against Great Britain to the country through which such river flowed, though they did not assert that the United States had a perfect right to the country."

When, however, the United States succeeded to Spain, it was thought that all clouds upon its title were completely dispelled, and thereafter it was the contention of this government that its right to sole occupancy was perfect and indisputable. Great Brit- ain, however, did not claim that her title amounted to one of sovereign or exclusive possession, but simply that it was at least as good as any other. Her theory was that she had a right to occupancy in conjunction with other claimants, which by settlement and other- wise might be so strengthened in a part or the whole of the territory as to ultimately secure for her the right to be clothed with sovereignty.

In the discussion of the issue, the earliest explora- tions had to be largely left out of the case, as they were attended by too much vagueness and uncertainty to bear any great weight. The second epoch of ex- ploration was, therefore, lifted to a position of promin- ence it could not otherwise have enjoyed. Perez and Heceta, for the Spainards, the former in 1774, and the latter a year later, had explored the northwest coast to the fifty-fifth parallel and beyond, Heceta dis- covering the mouth of the Columbia river. To offset whatever rights might accrue from these explorations, England had only the more thorough but less exten- sive survey of Captain James Cook, made in 1778. The advantage in point of prior discovery would, therefore, seem to be with the United States as' assignee of Spain.

After the Joint-Occupancy treaty of 1818 had been signed, negotiations on the subject were not re- opened until 1824. In that year, obedient to the mas- terly instructions addressed to him on July 22, 1823, by John Quincy Adams, secretary of state, Richard Rush, minister to England, entered into negotiations with the British ministers Canning and Huskisson

for the adjustment of the boundary. Mr. Rush was instructed to offer the forty-ninth parallel to the sea, "should it be earnestly insisted upon by Great Britain." He endeavored with great persistency to fulfill his mis- sion, but his propositions were rejected. The British negotiators offered the forty-ninth parallel to the Co- lumbia, then the middle of that river to the sea, with perpetual rights to both nations of navigating the har- bor at the mouth of the river. This proposal Mr. Rush rejected, so nothing was accomplished. By treaty concluded in February, 1825, an agreement was en- tered into between Great Britain and Russia, whereby the line of fifty-four degrees, forty minutes, was fixed as the boundary between the territorial claims of the two nations, a fact which explains the cry of "Fifty- four, forty or fight" that in later days became the slogan of the Democratic party.

In 1826-7 another attempt was made to settle the question at issue between Great Britain and the United States. Albert Gallatin then represented this country, receiving his instructions from Henry Clay, secretary of state, who said : "It is not thought necessary to add much to the argument advanced on this point in the instructions given to Mr. Rush, and that which was employed by him in the course of the negotiations to support our title as derived from prior discovery and settlement at the mouth of the Columbia river, and from the treaty which Spain concluded on the 22d of February, 1819. That argument is believed to have conclusively established our title on both grounds. Nor is it conceived that Great Britain has or can make out even a colorless title to any portion of the north- ern coast." Referring to the offer of the forty-ninth parallel in a dispatch dated February 24, 1827, Mr. Clay said : "It is conceived in a genuine spirit of con- cession and conciliation, and it is our ultimatum and you may so announce it." In order to save the case of his country from being prejudiced in future negotiations by the liberality of offers made and rejected, Mr. Clay instructed Galla- tin to declare: "That the American government does not hold itself bound hereafter, in consequence of any proposal which it has heretofore made, to agree to a line which has been so proposed and rejected, but will consider itself at liberty to contend for the full measure of our just claims; which declaration you must have recorded in the protocol of one of your conferences; and to give it more weight, have it stated that it has been done by the express direction of the president."

Mr. Gallatin sustained the claim of the United States in this negotiation so powerfully that the Brit- ish plenipotentiaries, Huskisson, Grant and Adding- ton, were forced to the position that Great Britian did not assert' any title to the country. They contented themselves with the contention that her claim was sufficiently well founded as to give her the right to occupy the country in common with other nations, such concessions having been made to her by the Nootka treaty. The British negotiators complained of the recommendation of President Monroe in his message of December 7, 1824, to establish a military post at the mouth of Columbia river and of the passage

HISTORY OF NORTH IDAHO.

of the bill in the House providing for the occupancy of the Oregon river. To this the Americans replied by call- ing attention to the act of the British parliament of 1821, entitled "An act for regulating the fur trade and establishing a criminal and civil jurisdiction in cer- tain parts of North America." He contended with great ability and force that the recommendation and bill complained of did not interfere with the treaty of 1818, and that neither a territorial government nor a fort at the mouth of the river could rightly be com- plained of by a government which had granted such wide privileges and comprehensive powers to the Hud- son's Bay Company.

Before the conclusion of these negotiations, Mr. Gallatin had offered not alone the forty-ninth parallel but that "the navigation of the Columbia river shall be perpetually free to subjects of Great Britain in com- mon with citizens of the United States, provided that the said line should strike the northeastermost or any other branch of that river at a point at which it was navigable for boats." The British, on their part, again offered the Columbia river, together with a large

of land between Admiralty Inlet and the coast, protest- ing that this concession was made in the spirit of sacri- fice for conciliation and not as one of right. The proposition was rejected and the negotiations ended in the treaty of August 6, 1827, which continued the Joint-Occupancy treaty of 1818 indefinitely, with the proviso that it might be abrogated by either party on giving the other a year's notice.

"There can be no doubt," says Evans, "that, during the continuance of these two treaties, British foothold was strengthened and the difficulty of the adjustment of boundaries materially enhanced. Nor does this re- flect in the slighest degree upon those great publicists who managed the claim of the United States in those negotiations. Matchless ability and earnest patriot- ism, firm defense of the United States' claim, and withal a disposition to compromise to avoid rupture with any other nation, mark these negotiations in every line. The language and intention of these treaties are clear and unmistakable. Neither government was to attempt any act in the derogation of the other's claim ; nor could any advantage inure to either; during their continuance the territory should be free and open to citizens and subjects of both nations. Such is their plain purport; such the only construction which their language will warrant. Yet it cannot be controverted that the United States had thereby precluded itself from the sole enjoyment of the territory which it claimed in sovereignty; nor that Great Britain ac- quired a peaceable, recognized and uninterrupted ten- ancy-in-common in regions where her title was so im- perfect that she herself admitted that she could not successfully maintain, nor did she even assert it. She could well afford to wait. Hers was indeed the policy later in the controversy styled masterly inactivity: 'Leave the title in abeyance, the settlement of the coun- try will ultimately settle the sovereignty.' In no event could her colorless title lose color ; while an immediate adjustment of the boundary would have abridged the area of territory in which, through her subjects, she

already exercised exclusive possession, and had se- ed the entire enjoyment of its wealth and resources. The Hudson's Bay Company, by virtue of its license of trade excluding all other British subjects from the territory, was Great Britain's trustee in possession — an empire company, omnipotent to supplant enterprises projected by citizens of the United States. Indeed, the territory had been appropriated by a wealthy, all- powerful monopoly, with whom it was runious to at- tempt to compete. Such is a true exhibit of the then condition of Oregon, produced by causes extrinsic to the treaty, which the United States government could neither counteract nor avoid. The United States had saved the right for its citizens to enter the territory, had protested likewise that no act or omission on the part of the government or its citizens, or any act of commission or omission by the British government or her subjects during such joint-occupancy treaties, should affect in any way the United States' claim to the territory.

"The treaties of 1818 and 1827 have passed into his- tory as conventions for joint occupancy. Practically they operated as grants of possession to Great Britain, or rather to her representative, the Hudson's Bay Company, who, after the merger with the Northwest Company, had become sole occupant of the territory. The situation may be briefly summed up : The United States claimed title to the territory. Great Britain, through its empire-trading company, occupied it, — en- joyed all the wealth and resources derivable from it." But while joint occupancy was in realty non-oc- cupation by any but the British, it must not be sup- posed that the case of the United States was allowed to go entirely by default during the regime of so-called joint occupancy. In congress the advisability of occu- pying Oregon was frequently and vehemently dis- cussed. Ignorance and misconception with regard to the real nature of Oregon, its climate, soil, products, and healthfulness, were being dispelled. The repre- sentations of the Hudson's Bay Company that it was a "miasmatic wilderness, uninhabitable except by wild beasts and more savage men," were found to be false. In 1821 Dr. John Floyd, a representative in congress from Virginia, and Senator Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri, had interviews at Washington with Ramsey Crooks and Russel Farnham, who had belonged to Astor's party. From' these gentlemen they learried something of the value of Oregon, its features of in- terest, and its commercial and strategic importance. This information Dr. Floyd made public in 1822, in a speech in support of a bill "to authorize the occupa- tion of the Columbia river, and to regulate trade and intercourse with the Indians thereon." On December 29, 1 8.7.3, a committee was appointed to inquire as to the wisdom of occupying the mouth of the Columbia and the committee's report, submitted on April I5th of the following year, embodied a communication from General Thomas S. Jesup, which asserted that the mili- tary occupancy of the Columbia was a necessity for

HISTORY OF NORTH IDAHO.

protecting trade and securing the frontier. It recom- mended "the dispatch of a force of two hundred men across the continent to establish a fort at the mouth of the Columbia river ; that at the same time two vessels, with arms, ordnance and supplies, be sent thither by sea. He further proposed the establishment of a line of posts across the continent to afford protection to our traders; and on the expiration of the privilege granted to British subjects to trade on the waters of the Columbia, to enable us to remove them from our territory, and secure the whole to our citizens. Those posts could also secure the preservation of peace among the Indians in the event of a foreign war and command their neutrality or assistance as we might think most advisable." The letter exposed Great Britian's rea- sons for her policy of masterly inactivity, and urged that some action be taken by the United States to off- set the accretion of British title and for preserving and perfecting its own. "History," says Evans, "will generously award credit to the sagacious Jesup for indicating in 1823 the unerring way to preserve the American title to Oregon territory. Nor will it fail to command the earnest devotion of that little Oregon party in congress for placing on record why the gov- ernment should assert exclusive jurisdiction within its own territory." In the next congress the subject was again discussed with energy and ability. In 1831 for- mal negotiations with Great Britain were resumed.

All this discussion had a tendency to dispel the idea, promulgated, as we have seen, by the Hudson's Bay Company, that the territory was worthless and uninhabitable, also to excite interest in the mystic re- gion beyond the mountains.

The United States claimed theoretically that it was the possessor of a vested right to absolute sovereignty over the entire Oregon territory, and in all the nego- tiations, after the signing of the treaty of Florida, its ambassadors claimed that the title of their country was clearly established. The fact, however, that joint occu- pancy was agreed to at all after 1828 could hardly be construed in any other light than as a confession of weakness in our title, notwithstanding the unequivocal stipulations that neither party should attempt anything in derogation of the other's claims, and that the con- troversy should be determined on its merits as they existed prior to 1818. If the United States came into possession of an absolute title in 1819, why should it afterward permit occupation by British subjects and the enforcement of British law in its domain ?

The United States' title, as before stated, rested upon three foundation stones, — its own discoveries and explorations, the discoveries and explorations of the Spaniards, and the purchase of Louisiana. While it was not contended that any one of these conveyed exclusive right, the position of our country was that each supplemented the other ; that, though while vested in different nations they were antagonistic when held by the same nation, they, taken together, amounted to a complete title. The title was, therefore, cumulative in its nature and had in it the weakness which is in- herent under such conditions. It was impossible to determine with definiteness how many partial titles,

the value of each being a matter of uncertainty, would cumulatively amount to one complete title. And, how- ever clear the right of the United States might seem to its own statesmen, it is evident that conviction must be produced in the minds of the British also if war was to be avoided.

In 1831 when Martin Van Buren was our minister at London he received instructions relative to the con- troversy from Edward Livingston, secretary of state, the tenor of which indicated that the United States was not averse to the presence of the British in the territory. While they asserted confidence in the American title to the entire Oregon territory, they said: "This subject, then, is open for discussion, and until the rights of the parties can be settled by nego- tiations, ours can suffer nothing by delay." Under these rather lukewarm instructions, naturally nothing was accomplished.

In 1842 efforts to adjust the boundary west of the Rocky mountains were again resumed, this time on motion of Great Britain. That power requested on October i8th of the year mentioned that the United States minister at London should be furnished with instructions and authority to renew negotiations, giv- ing assurance of its willingness to proceed to the con- sideration of the boundary subject "in a perfect spirit of fairness, and to adjust it on a basis of equitable compromise." On November 25th, Daniel Webster, then secretary of state, replied : "That the president concurred entirely in the expediency of making the question respecting the Oregon territory a subject of immediate attention and negotiation between the two governments. 'He had already formed the purpose of expressing this opinion in his message to congress, and at no distant day, a communication will be made to the minister of the United States in London."

Negotiations were not, however, renewed until Oc- tober, 1843, when Secretary Upshur sent instructions to Edward Everett, American minister to London, again offering the forty-ninth parallel, together with the right of navigating the Columbia river upon equit- able terms. In February of the ensuing year, Hon. Richard Packenham, British plenipotentiary, came to the American capital with instructions to negotiate concerning the Oregon territory. No sooner had dis- cussion fairly begun than a melancholy event hap- pened, Secretary Upshur being killed on the United States vessel Princeton by the explosion of a gun. A few months later his successor, John C. Calhoun, con- tinued the negotiations. The arguments were in a large measure a repetition of these already advanced but a greater aggressiveness on the part of the British and persistency in denying the claims of the United States were noticeable. As in former negotiations, the privileges accorded by the Nootka convention were greatly relied upon by Great Britain as proving that no absolute title was retained by Spain after the sign- ing of that treaty, hence none could be assigned. One striking statement in Lord Packenham's correspond- ence was to the effect that "he did not feel authorized to enter into discussion respecting the territory north of the forty-ninth parallel of latitude, which was under-

HISTORY OF NORTH IDAHO.

15

.•stood by the British government to form the basis of negotiations on the side of the United States, as the line of the Columbia formed that of Great Britain." He thus showed all too plainly the animus of his gov- ernment to take advantage of the spirit of compromise which prompted the offer of that line and to construe .such offer as the abandonment of the United States, claim to an absolute title to all the Oregon territory. It is hard to harmonize her action in this matter with the "perfect spirit of fairness" professed in the note of Lord Aberdeen to Mr. Webster asking for a renewal of negotiations. No agreement was reached.

During the sessions of congress of 1843-4 memor- ials, resolutions and petitions from all parts of the union came in a perfect flood. The people were thor- oughly aroused. In the presidential election which oc- curred at that time the Oregon question was a leading issue. "Fifty-four Forty or Fight" became the rally- ing cry of the Democratic party. The platform framed in the Democratic national convention de- clared: "Our title to the whole of Oregon is clear and unquestionable. No portion of the same ought to be ceded to England or any other power; and by the reoccupation of Oregon at the earliest practical period is a great American measure." The position of the Whig party was milder and less arrogant, but equally emphatic in its assertion of belief in the valid- ity of the United States" title. The fact that the Demo- crats carried in the election, despite the warlike tone •of their platform and campaign, is conclusive evidence that the people were determined to hold their terri- tory on the Pacific regardless of cost. "Never was a government more signally advised by the voice of a .united people. The popular pulse had been felt, and it beat strongly in favor of prompt and decisive meas- uies to secure the immediate reoccupation of Oregon. It equally proclaimed that 'no portion thereof ought to be ceded to Great Britain.' " In January, 1845, Sir .Richard Packenham, the British minister, proposed that the matter in dispute be left to arbitration, which proposal was respectfully declined. So the adminis- tration of President Tyler terminated without adjust- ment of the Oregon difficulty.

Notwithstanding the unequivocal voice of the peo- ple in demand of the whole of Oregon, James Buch- anan, secretary of state under President Polk, in a communication to Sir Richard Packenham, dated July 12, 1845, again offered the forty-ninth parallel, explain- ing at the same time that he could not have consented to do so had he not found himself embarassed if not committed by the acts of his predecessors. Packen- ham rejected the offer. Buchanan informed him that he was "instructed by the president to say that he owes it to his country, and a just appreciation of her title to the Oregon territory, to withdraw the proposition to the British government which has been made under his direction ; and it is hereby accordingly withdrawn." This formal withdrawal of previous offers of com- promise on the forty-ninth parallel, justified as it was by Great Britain's repeated rejections, left the Polk administration free and untrammeled. Appearances indicated that it was now ready to give execution to

the popular verdict of 1844. The message of the presi- dent recommended that the year's notice, required by the treaty of 1827, be immediately given, that measures be adopted for maintaining the rights of the United States to the whole of Oregon, and that such legisla- tion be enacted as would afford security and protection

In harmony with these recommendations, a resolu- tion was adopted April 27, 1846, authorizing the presi- dent "at his discretion to give to the government of Great Britain the notice required by the second article of the said convention of the sixth of August, eighteen hundred and twenty-seven, for the abrogation of the same."

Acting in accordance with the resolution, Presi- dent Polk the next day sent notice of the determination of the United States "that, at the end of twelve months from and after the delivery of these presents by the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the United States at London, to her Britannic Ma- jesty, or to her majesty's principal secretary of state for foreign affairs, the said convention shall be entirely annulled and abrogated."

On the 27th of December, 1845, Sir Richard Pack- enham had submitted another proposal to arbitrate the matter at issue between the two governments. The proposal was declined on the ground that to submit the proposition in the form stated would preclude the United States from making a claim to the whole of the territory. On January ijth of the following year, a modified proposal was made to refer "the question of title in either government to the whole territory to be decided ; and if neither were found to possess a com- plete title to the whole, it was to be divided between them according to a just appreciation of the claims of each." The answer of Mr. Buchanan was clear and its language calculated to preclude any more arbitra- tion proposals. He said : "If the governments should consent to an arbitration upon such terms, this would be construed into an intimation, of not a direct invita- tion to the arbitrator to divide the territory between the two parties. Were it possible for this government, under any circumstances, to refer the question to arbi- tration, the title and the title alone, detached from every other consideration, ought to be the only question sub- mitted. The title of the United States, which the president regards clear and unquestionable, can never be placed in jeopardy by referring it to the decision of any individual, whether sovereign, citizen or subject. Nor does he believe the territorial rights of this nation are a proper subject of arbitration."

But the British government seems now to have be- come determined that the question should be settled without further delay. The rejected arbitration pro- posal was followed on the 6th of June, 1846, by a draft of the proposed treaty submitted by Sir Richard Pack- enham to Secretary of State Buchanan. The provision of this were to the effect that the boundary should be continued along the forty-ninth parallel "to the middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver Island: and thence southerly through the middle of said channel and of Fuca's strait to the

HISTORY OF NORTH IDAHO.

Pacific ocean." It stipulated that the navigation of the Columbia river should remain free and open to the Hudson's Bay Company and to all British subjects trading with the same; that the possessory right of that company and of all British subjects south of the forty-ninth parallel should be respected, and that "the farms, lands and other property of every description belonging to the Puget Sound Agricultural Company shall be confirmed to said company. In case, however, the situation of these farms and lands should be con- sidered by the United States to be of public import- ance, and the United States government should signify a desire to obtain possession of the whole, or any part thereof, the property so required shall be transferred to the said government at a proper valuation, to be agreed between the parties."

Upon the receipt of the important communication embodying this draft, the president asked in advance the advice of the senate, a very unusual, though not unprecedented procedure. Though the request of the president was dated June loth and the consideration of the resolution to accept the British proposal was not begun until June I2th, on June I3th it was "resolved

£wo-thirds of the senators present consenting), that e president of the United States be, and he is hereby, advised to accept the proposal of the British govern- ment, accompanying his message to the senate, dated June 10, 1846, for a convention to settle the boundar- ies, etc., between the United States and Great Britain, west of the Rocky or Stony mountains." The advice was, however, "given under the conviction that, by the true construction of the second article of the project, the right of the Hudson's Bay Company to navigate the Columbia would expire with the termination of their present license of trade with the Indians, etc., on the northwest coast of America, on the 3Oth of May, 1859."

The wonderful alacrity with which this advice was given and with which five degrees and forty minutes of territory were surrendered to Great Britain, is ac- counted for by some historians (and no doubt they are correct) by supposing that the "cession" was made in the interests of slavery. The friends of that insti- tution were unwilling to risk a war with Great Brit- ain which would interfere with the war with Mexico and the annexation of Texas. Their plan was to ac- quire as much territory from which slave states could be formed as possible, and they were not over scrupu- lous about sacrificing territory which must ultimately develop into free states. But for unfortunate diplo- macy, "it is quite probable that British Columbia would be to-day, what many would deem desirable in view of its growing importance, a part of the United States." Notwithstanding the great sacrifice made by the United States for the sake of peace, it was not" long

ntil

clouds were again darkening ou skies. The determining of the line after it reached the Pacific ocean soon became a matter of dispute. Hard- ly had the ratifications been exchanged when Captain Prevost, for the British government, set up the claim that Rosario was the channel intended by the treaty.

The claim was, of course, denied by Mr. Campbell,, who was representing the United States in making the survey line. It was contended by him that the Canal de Haro was the channel mentioned in the treaty. Lord Russell, conscious,