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FEB 15 1978

MONTANA STATE imMIX 8S0 E lywble Ave,

r#

MSU M/IR 29 7fi MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

""" ^ ' «0 S331.4E10WC.2

Montana women on the move :a labor marke

Msc SEP 1^'^

III III I

3 0864 00023719 1

MONTANA WOMEN ON THE MOVE

PUBLISHED IN JANUARY 1978

STATE OF raiTANA imOMAS L. JUDGE. GOVEmOR

DEPARlTCrn- OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY DAVID E. FULLER. COmiSSIONER

EMPUOYMENT SECURITY DIVISION FRED BARRETT. ADMINISTRATOR

A Labor Market Information Publication

PRODUCED BY THE RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS SECTION

in cooperation with

EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING ADMINISTRATION,

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

If additional information is desired, contact;

Dick Gibson, Supervisor

Research and Analysis Section

Employment Security Division

P.O. Box 1728 '

Helena, Montana 59601

Phone: (406) 449-2430

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

Table of Contents

SECTION 1 Introdud:

Introduction

Table 1.1 Montana CH-

Table 1.2 Character

Table 1.3 Montana Coun

2.1 2.2 2.3

SECTION 2 Women and Table Table Table Table 2.4 Table 2.5 Graph 2.1

Graph 2.2 Graph 2.3 Occupation Table 2.6

Table 2.7

Table 2.8

Graph 2.4

Table 2.9

Montana F Employme ■ Femalf. Averac Mo n tar Montar Montan. Percent ( (1976 ""-

Fer- al '■

(1970 Montana . (1960 Cen Nationwide ^^!■ 1960 and ^" Nationv.'io SkilU Montar

SECTION EEO - 4 Table 3, Table 3.

3 Montana W Report Anc'

1 Montar

2 Analysis (Montana)

SECTION 4 Women and Ea The Earnings Gap

. jL • I.:

aracteri Sties

vi970 Census) ide (Third Quarter 1977) tics (1970 Census)

1977) ' .977) 1975) nt for Montana

: - 1977) - 1977)

remales

^ "/ed Females

loyed Women by Race -

Managers and

-bar 1977)

:>f June 30, 1977 Government

Sex, 1972

Table 4.1 Earnings

(Nationwide) Graph 4.1 Fully Employ ' " " ' ' Less Than Fully Employed

Men of Either -- , ,. (Nationwide)

Graph 4.2 Most Women Work Because of Economic Need (Nationwide) Graph 4.3 Montana Percent Distribution of Hourly Wage Rate Placements

by Sex (Montana Job Service) Table 4.3 Montana Breakdown of Hourly Dollar Wage Rates by Sex

(Montana Job Service)

1 2

4 5 6

7

8

9

9

11

12

13

14 15 16 19

20

21

22

23 24

25 27 30

32

35 36

37

38 39

40

41

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)

SECTION 5 Table 5.1

Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4

Table 5.5 Table 5.6

Table 5.7

SECTION 6 Educational Table 6.1 Table 6.2 Table 6.3 Table 6.4

Table 6.5

Graph 6.1 Graph 6.2

Table 6.6

Montana Female Unemployment

Occupational Attachment of Unemployed Females 1n Montana

(1974 - 1977)

Job Counseling and Training Activity (Montana Job Service)

Montana Job Placement Activity

Montana Breakdown of Job Placements by Hourly Dollar

Wage Rate and Sex

Montana Characteristics of WIN Placements

Montana Hourly Dollar Wages at which WIN Registrants

Were Placed

Montana Occupational Category at WIN Placements

Page Number

43

44 45 46

46 47

47 47

Education

Attainment of Women in Montana

Montana Average Educational Attainment (1970 Census)

Montana Number of Degrees Awarded, 1965-66 Through 1976-77

Nationwide Number of Degrees Awarded 1965-66 Through 1974-75

Montana Percent Distribution of Degrees Awarded 1965-66

Through 1976-77

Nationwide Percent Distribution of Degrees Awarded 1965-66

Through 1974-75

Percent Distribution of Degrees Awarded to Females (Montana)

Percent Distribution of Degrees Awarded to Females

(United States)

Montana Occupational Category of Degrees Awarded

SECTION 7 Laws Affecting Montana Women What is Discrimination? Laws Affecting Montana Women Information Centers for Women in Montana

49 51

53 54 55

56

57 58

59 60

67 68 70 75

SECTION 8 Outlook

Outlook

77 78

References

79

n

INTRODUCTION

and

FEMALE LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS

SECTION 1

INTRODUCTION

Women accounted for nearly three-fifths of the increase in the national civilian labor force in the last decade. 1/ This and other eye- opening facts clearly point out that women are a vital part of the labor force and are becoming more so everyday. Statistics point out that:

1. Nine out of ten women will work at some time in their lives (national figures).

2. In 1949, 26 percent of women were in the labor force, and by

1975 their average participation rate had almost doubled to 46. 4%. 2/

3. The number of working mothers has increased more than tenfold since the period immediately preceding World War 11.3/

4. The average married woman can expect to work 25 years. 4/

5. The average single woman can expect to work 45 years. 4/

6. Women were awarded an average of 43.7% of all bachelor degrees received in the United States in the decade ending 1975, 39.9% of all masters degrees, 7.0% of all first professional degrees, and 15.6% of all doctorate degrees.

7. Women were awarded an average of roughly 42.5% of all bachelor degrees received in Montana since 1965, 26.3% of all masters degrees, 4.2% of all first professional degrees, and 6.5% of all doctorate degrees. 5/

Despite this increase in labor force participation, women earned

just over half (57.2%) the income of their male counterparts in 1974.

Even worse, the percentage has steadily declined since 1955, when

women earned 63.9% as much as men. There are reasons for this gap.

Women work fewer overtime hours than men, have less worklife experience,

and are more likely to be concentrated in the low-wage occupations. 6/

Nevertheless, research studies have found that "a differential between

the earnings of women and men remains, even after adjusting for such

factors as education, work experience and occupation or industry group. "6/

In Montana and in the nation, the problem facing women is not finding employment - rather, it is landing better paying jobs which offer the opportunity of a bright future and the chance to upgrade and develop present skills. In the words of Jennifer S. Macleod, vice president of the Fidelity Bank, Philadelphia, PA and witness during the Joint Economic Committee's hearing on women in the labor force, "True equality awaits the day when a mediocre woman can go as far and earn as much as a mediocre man. "7/

1/ U.S. Department of Labor, Women Workers Today, Washington, D.C.: ~ U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976, p.l.

2/ Employment and Training Report of the President, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976.

3/ Working Mothers and Their Children, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977, p.l.

4/ "Cinderella Doesn't Live Here Anymore," Womanpower, Vol. 7 No. 11,

~ Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, November 1975, p. 34.

5/ U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Earned Degrees Conferred: 1965-66 through 1974-75, Washington, D.C.: UTS. Government Printing Office.

6/ U.S. Department of Labor, Women Workers Today, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976, pp. 8-9.

7/ "JEC Hearing Studies Massive Entry of Women Into Labor Market," Notes from the Joint Economic Committee, Volume III No. 23, Washington, D.C.: Joint Economic Committee Publications Department, October 7, 1977.

TABLE 1.1 MONTANA

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LABOR FORCE (1970 Census Data)

NUMBER PERCENT

TOTAL POPULATION 694,593 100%

Female 347,712 50.1%

White Female 332,700 47.9%

Non-White Female 15,012 2.2%

TOTAL LABOR FORCE 260,649 100%

Female 91,578 Z5.1%

White Female 89,023 Z4.1%

Non-White Female 2,555 1.0%

TOTAL EMPLOYMENT 244,608 100%

Female 85,337 Z4.9%

White Female 83,209 34.0%

Non-White Female 2,128 0.9%

TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT 16,041 100%

Female 6,241 Z8.9%

White Female 5,814 Z6.2%

Non-White Female 427 2.7%

TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATE 6.2%

Female 6.8%

White Female 6.5%

Non-White Female 16.7%

TABLE 1.2

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LABOR FORCE NATIONWIDE

3rd quarter, 1977

(Numbers in Thousands)

NUMBER PERCENT

TOTAL NON- INSTITUTIONAL POPULATION Female

TOTAL CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Female

TOTAL EMPLOYMENT Female

TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT Female

TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATE Female

Source: Employment & Earnings, Volume 24 Number 10, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau or LaDor Statistics.

158,898

100.0

74,429

46.8

97,623

100.0

35,864

36.7

90,809

100.0

33,352

36.7

6,814

100.0

2,512

36.8

7.0

7.0

1970 Census

MONTANA COUNTIES

Beaverhead

Big Horn

Blaine

Broadwater

Carbon

Carter

Cascade

Chouteau

Custer

Daniels

Dawson

Deer Lodge

Fallon

Fergus

Flathead

Gallatin

Garfield

Glacier

Golden Valley

Granite

Hill

Jefferson

Judith Basin

Lake

Lewis & Clark

Liberty

Lincoln

Madison

McCone

Meagher

Mineral

Missoula

Musselshell

Parki/

Petroleum

Phillips

Pondera

Powder River

Powell

Prairie

Ravalli

Richland

Roosevelt

Rosebud

Sanders

Sheridan

Silver Bow

Stillwater

Sweet Grass

Teton

Toole

Treasure

Valley

Wlieatland

Wibaux

Yellowstone

STATEWIDE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Female

Total

TABLE 1.3

EWPLOYNIENT Female Total Z

1,103

33.32

1,017

32.58

985

29.69

946

29.90

728

31.28

667

32.06

297

32.28

279

31.45

789

31.25

739

30.88

229

27.75

229

28.44

10,9A1

38.93

10,039

38.21

625

25.21

613

25.20

1,791

38.23

1,716

38.42

332

30.34

328

30.09

l,/i36

32.85

1,392

32.86

1,911

33.60

1.660

31.39

455

29.62

434

29.86

1,575

34.58

1,478

34.14

4,A26

32.51

4,006

32.62

4,67A

36.43

4,385

36.15

217

29.52

212

29.52

1,252

34.95

1,149

36.68

1A3

36.95

131

35.50

253

25.32

238

25.10

2,385

36.63

2,225

35.69

658

37.21

633

37.50

247

24.26

235

23.73

1,713

35.53

1,632

36.21

6,165

41.91

5,881

42.04

259

29.87

259

30.01

1,702

25.41

1,515

25.22

250

23.71

240

23.30

688

34.34

634

33.56

216

25.05

204

25.37

415

34.12

383

36.58

8,591

37.18

7,886

36.93

491

34.09

459

34.43

1,653

36.63

1,559

36.60

51

19.54

51

19.54

683

33.61

651

33.47

743

29.81

717

29.72

349

30.40

337

30.22

821

33.56

772

33.10

216

29.38

216

29.79

1,678

31.89

1,540

31.78

1,080

31.18

1,033

31.19

1,314

37.47

1,229

38.45

841

35.84

802

35.83

788

31.77

733

33.54

496

24.76

496

25.52

5,539

35.77

5,094

35.02

446

27.58

404

26.42

428

33.54

412

32.98

593

27.11

563

26.86

708

32.31

682

32.27

116

30.12

111

29.21

1,517

35.67

1,433

35.50

328

29.92

323

29.90

116

21.56

116

21.76

13,132

37.52

12,219

37.06

91,578

35.13

85,337

34.88

6

UNEMPLOYMENT

JMEMPK

DYMENT

MIL

female

fotal

%

Female

86

45.5^

7.79

39

25.32

3.95

61

24.69

8.37

18

54.54

6.06

50

38.16

6.33

902

49.28

8.24

12

25.53

1.92

75

34.40

4.18

4

100.00

1.20

44

32.35

3.06

251

63.06

13.13

21

25.30

4.61

97

43.11

6.15

420

31.46

9.48

289

41.34

6.18

5

29.41

2.30

103

22.88

8.22

12

66.67

8.39

15

29.41

5.92

160

57.55

6.70

25

31.25

3.79

12

42.85

4.85

81

25.79

4.72

284

39.38

4.60

187

27.10

10.98

10

41.66

4.00

54

47.36

7.84

12

20.68

5.55

32

18.93

7.71

705

40.17

8.20

32

29.90

6.51

94

37.15

5.68

32

36.78

4.68

26

32-50

3.49

12

36.36

3.43

49

42.98

5.96

138

33.17

8.22

47

30.92

4.35

85

27.41

6.46

39

36.11

4.63

55

18.64

6.97

445

47.34

8.03

42

47.72

9.41

16

59.25

3.73

30

32.96

5.05

26

33.33

3.67

5

100.00

4.31

84

38.88

5.53

5

31.25

1.S2

913

44.97

6.95

6,241

38.90

6.81

MONTANA FEMALE EMPLOYMENT

SECTION 2

The following pages give an

overview of female employment by industrial and occupational attachment.

WOMEN AND EMPLOYMENT

IJomen represented 41.2% of total non-agricultural employment for 1977 in Montana compared to the 1974 rate of 38%. This amounted to a q:in of approximately twenty thousand women or 2/3 of the total increase in non-aqricultural employment.

1974

1975

FEMALES

1976

1977

MALES

Much of this increase is found in the traditionally female industries such as services. The trend for qreater female participation should continue as the demand for more services increase and as more women make their way into other non-agricultural industries.

Montana women seem to be doing as well or better when compared to national figures. The female participation rate for July, 1977 is 40.6% for Montana non-agricul^wral employment or 1.6 percentage points higher than the national figures of 39%.

Montana

Total

40.6

Mining

6.7

Contract Construction

7.0

Manufacturing

12.3

Transportation !>i Public Utilities

19.1

Wholesale & Retail Trade

43.5

Finance, Insurance, S Real Estate

Service

Government

TABLE 2.1 JULY 1977 FEMALE PERCENT OF EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY

National

39.0

8.0

7.0

29.0

22.0

42.0

56.0 56.0 44.0

62.6 62.0 43.8

As could be expected there is a greater concentration of women in Trade, Finance, Insurance and Real Estate, Service and Government. These industries are largely female by the nature of the jobs; secretaries, clerks, health related and other similar occupations. They also have lower average weekly earnings.

TABLE 2.2

AUGUST 1977 AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS

National $303.21

301.44 227.70

282.40

145.52

169.28 157.72

Mining

Montana $374.69

Contract Construction

429.46

Manufacturing

273.49

Transportation & Public Utilities

314.61

Wholesale & Retail Trade

163.45

Finance, Insurance & Real Estate

129.78

Services

111.80

9

In the higher earninqs industries (Mining, Construction, Manufacturim and Transportation and Public Utilities), female percentaqes are much lower. In these areas, Montana women have rates near or below those of National figures. The area where Montana shows the greatest difference is in Manufacturing. Montana's main manufacturing industries are lumber and primary metals. When examining the nature of the jobs found in these industries, they are found to be highly non-traditional for women. Nationwide manufacturing includes many indus- tries which do have jobs that are traditionally female. This accounts for the gap betv/een state and national figures. Although women are capable of working in lumber and primary metals their participation rate is well below such man- ufacturing industries as textiles (47%), electrical equiptment (AU) and food (28%).

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13

GRAPH 2.1

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FEMALES BY INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT FOR MONTANA

1^1^

iti6

.3%

1976 ANNUAL AVERAGES

14

>

2:

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15

GRAPH 2.3

FEMALE PERCENTAGE OF ALL WORKERS 1975-1977

MANUFACTURING

12. S \ 12. S 11. S X

10. S

_-/

6.0

5.0--

/'

4.0 ..

MINING

CONSTRUCTION

S.O

7.0

6.0 -

1975 ' 1976 " ' 1977

16

GRAPH 2.3 (Cont.) FEMALE PERCENTAGE OF ALL WORKERS

1975-1977

19

18-

TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES

17-^

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE

4S - 44 . 43 - 42 .

41 _

40

FINANCE, INSURANCE AND REAL ESTATE

1975

1976

1977

17

GRAPH 2.3 (Cont.) FEMALE PERCENTAGE OF ALL WORKERS

1975-1977

SERVICES

66 64 63

62

61

60

GOVERNMENT

49 47 45 43 41 39

1975

l97r

1977

18

OCCUPATIONAL ATTACHflENT OF WOMEN

When comparing 1960 and 1970 Census data, some increase can be found in non- traditional female occupations. In the area of Professional, Technical and Related, there has been a 1.4 percentage point increase from 16.5% to 17.9%. Some of this increase is attributable to female increases in educational attainment and also to the greater acceptance of working women in this and all other occupations. There has also been a slight increase in Craftsmen, Foreman and Related occupations As reported in ',/onenpower November 1975, in 1960 nine skilled trades reported no women workers. By 1970, all skilled trades had some female representation. From 1900 throunh 19G0 women were holding only 2 to 3 percent of «;killed iobs. By 1970 this had increased to 5 percent. As more women are accepted into apprenticeship programs there should be further increase in the skilled crafts areas. There have also been increases in two predominately female occupation areas. Service and Clerical. As demands for more services increase, there will likely be further increases of women in all Service Worker occupations.

19

TABLE 2.6

MONTANA OC: JPATIONAL ATTACHMENT OF EMPLOYED FEMALES (1970 Census Data)

TOTAL EMPLOYED

PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL & RELATED Engineers

Medical & Hfe.lth Workers Teachers, Elf.ientary & Secondary Schools Other Profess Tna' Workers

NONFARM MANAGERS & ADMINISTRATORS Salaried Self-employed

FARM WORKERS

NONFARM LABOREFxi

SALES WORKERS Retail Stores Other Sales Workers

CLERICAL WORKERS Secretaries, Sttnographers, & Typists Other Clerical Workers

CRAFTSMEN, FOREMEN & RELATED Construction Craftsmen Mechanics & Repairmen Machinist ^ other Metal Craftsmen Other Craftsmen

OPERATIVES, EXCEPT TRANSPORT Durable Goods Manufacturing Nondurable Goods Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing

TP-AfiS^ORT EQUIPMENT OPERATIVES

SERVICE WORKERS EXCEPT PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD Cleaning & Food Service Workers Protective Servi^^ Workers Personal, Healt other Service Workers

PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD WORKERS

PERCENT

100.

0

17.

9

4.

S

8.

0

5.

4

5.5

2.4 1.1

7.7

6.7 1.0

31.7 10.2 21.5

1.0

3.4

0.4 0.5 2.5

0.4

25.4

16. 0

0.1

9.3

3.4

20

TABLE 2.7

MONTANA OCCUPATIONAL ATTACHMENT OF EMPLOYED FEMALES (i960 Census Data)

TOTAL EMPLOYED

PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL AND KINDRED Medical S Other Health Workers Salaried Self-employed Teachers, Elementary and Secondary Other Professional, Technical and Kindred Salaried Self-employed

FARMERS & FARM MANAGERS

MANAGERS, OFFICIALS S PROPRIETORS (Non-Farm) Salaried Self-employed

Retai 1 Trade

Other than retail trade

SALES WORKERS Retail trade Other than retail trade

CLERICAL & KINDRED WORKERS Secretaries, Stenographers & Typists Other clerical workers

CRAFTSMEN, FOREMEN & RELATED

OPERATIVES & KINDRED Durable goods manufacturing Nondurable goods manufacturing Manufacturing

FARM LABORERS & FOREMEN

NON-FARM LABORERS, EXCEPT MINE

PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD WORKERS

SERVICE WORKERS, EXCEPT PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD Food Service Workers Other Services

OCCUPATIONS NOT REPORTED

PERCENT

100.0% 16.5

4.5 0.4 7.6

3.1 0.9

1.2

5.6 3.0

1.3 1.3

8.9 8.0 0.9

27.8

8.3

19.4

0.7

4.2 0.1 0.6 3.5

1.5

0.3

7.5

21.5 10.2 11.3

4.4

21

TABLE 2.8

NATIONWIDE

MAJOR OCCUPATION GROUPS OF EMPLOYED WOMEN, BY RACE, 1960 and 1976 V

Major occupation qroup

1976 Minority

^ 1960

White Minority

White

i^umber (in thousands) Percent

Professional and technical workers

Nonfarm managers and administrators

Clerical workers

Sales workers

Operatives (including transport)

Service workers (except private household)

Private household workers

Other occupations

4,356

30,739

2,821

19,376

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

14.2

16.2

6.9

13.1

2.8

5.9

1.8

5.4

26.0

36.2

9.2

32.9

2.5

7.3

1.5

8.5

15.7

11.3

14.1

15.1

26.0

16.8

21.4

13.7

9.4

2.2

35.1

6.1

3.4

4.1

10.8

5.2

- Data are for women 16 years of age and over in 1976 but 14 years and over in 1960.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics: Employment and Earnings, January 1977 and January 1961.

22

Cvj

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23

TABLE 2.9

MONTANA WOMEN IN APPRENTICESHIPS October, 1977

Baker

Bookbinder

Carpenter

Cook

Electrician

Machinist

Meat Cutter

Pressperson

Printer

Shoe Repairer

Telephone Combination Telephone Installer Telephone Lineperson Telephone Switchperson Telephone Testboard Person

Upholsterer

Ophthalmic Finish and Assembly

Remaining Apprenticeships

TOTAL

38 5

214

5

127

30

57

16

3

8

17 73 42 8 23

8 2

1,100

WOMEN

3 1 1 1 1

1 2 1 2 1

5 28 13

8 14

2

1

TOTAL : (Percent)

100,0%

85 S%

Source: Department of Labor and Industry, Apprenticeship Bureau

24

MONTANA WOMEN AND GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT

SECTION 3

The following pages contain

the EEO-4 Report for 1977, and an analysis of the Report.

25

EEO-4 REPORT ANALYSIS

Reprinted with the Permission of the Montana Department of Administration, Equal Employment Opportunity Bureau.

This year's EEO-4 Report shows the employment picture for women by EEO-4 Category to be substantially unchanged. There has been no increase in the representation of women in the four traditionally underrepresented groups - Officials and Administrators, Professionals, Protective Service Workers and Skilled Craft. Women made an overall gain of 56 positions or h%.

The minority picture is one of decline in the Officials and Administrators category and Protective Service Workers category which previously had substantial minority underrepresentation. Minority representation in the remaining categories remains unchanged, and there is an overall decline of 7 positions. It should be noted that minority percentages are based on small numbers and change substantially with the addition or loss of very few people.

I. Officials and Administrators

In this category, the representation of women is unchanged from 1975- 76 (a decrease of one woman) and remains at 11%.

Women constitute a smaller percentage of new hires in this category (8 out of 57 or 14% for this report versus 14 out of 77 or 18% last reoorting period). New hires are misleading, however, because they do hot include all employees who are new to the category. New hires, for instance, do rot include internal promotions an'i may or may not include persons transferring between agencies. A person may be a "new hire" for the agency, but not necessarily for the state, and, may or may not be counted for the EEO-4 Report as a new hire.

Minority representation has decreased by '2%, from 10 individuals in 1976 to 7 for this reporting period leaving 1% representation. There were no minority new hires this year versus two for 1976.*

II. Professionals

The number of women in this category went from 627 in 1976 to 699 in 1977; however, the percentage remained the same at 29%. The male employees in this category rose by 105, nullifying any gain women may nave made.

* New hires can be misleading as indicated above.

27

This year 212 of the 695 new hires were female (36%) versus 233 of the 528 new hires last year (34*5%).*

The percentage of minorities employed in the professional category remains roughly at 2V^. Minorities constituted less than 3% of the new hires for last year in this category and a little over 3'^% for this year, indicating a slight gain in this area. The hiring ratio was about even for both sexes of minority groups.*

III. Technicians

Females fared a little better in the Technical positions this year over last, 513 (40%) this year as compared to 458 (37%) last year, or a 3% gain.

The total newly hired employees is 175 less than last year. One hundred and fifty-one (151) of last year's 448 new hires (34%) were women versus 99 of this year's 273 new hires (36%).

Minority representation remained the same as last year at 2%. The new hires, however, increased from 10 out of 448 or 2% in 1976 to 12 out of 273, or 4% in 1977. The 2% increase was primarily due to the lower number of total persons hired.*

IV. Protective Service Workers

Females are sparse in this traditionally male category, there was a one person decrease from last reporting period, leaving 15 females or a 2'2% female representation. No female minorities were employed in this category either in 1976 or 1977. In 1976, minority males numbered 4 out of 537, or less than 1%; 1977 showed a loss of 1 male minority, pushing the percentage even lower.

New hires indicated that, in 1976, there were 7 women and 1 minority male new hires out of 142. The 1977 statistics show that out of 202 new hires, 10 were female and none were minorities.*

Para-Professionals

Women had a high representation of 816 or 51% of all employees in this category for 1976 and showed a 2% gain in 1977. This may be due to the types of jobs in this category. Example: home attendants, nurses aides and teacher aides.

New hires for females in 1976 were 51% female and in 1977, 55%

female.*

Minority new hires totaled 26, or 3% in 1976. Although the number of new hires increased to 30, or 5% for 1977, the overall minority representation remained at 3% for this job category.*

New hires can be misleading as indicated on page 1.

28

VI. Office and Clerical

Female nunbers continued to increase in this category. Female representation in 1976 was 1,948, or 87% and in 1977 is 2,011 or 89% - a 2% increase. Females comprised 89% of the new hires in both reporting periods.*

Minorities remain at 2% of this job category, and their representa- tion among new hires has been at 3% for both years.*

VII. Skilled Craft

The 1976 Report showed 3 newly hired females while the 1977 Report showed nc additional females were hired.* There were 30 females on board in 1976, or 4% of the total employees in this category. The 1977 Report shows 26 females on board. The percentage rate remains the same.

Minority employment was unchanged, having a decrease of 1 male minority employee this year. Minorities comprise 3% of Skilled Craft Workers.

VIII. Service and Maintenance

Women comprised 29% of this category in 1976. In 1977 the number of females decreased by 64, leaving 216 females, or 26% of the work force in this category, a decline of 3%. One hundred and forty-seven (147) (40%) of the new hires for 1976 were women as compared to 99 (39%) for 1977.*

Minority representation in 1976 was 28, or slightly less than

3%. In 1977, minority representation is 24 or 2.8% - indicating a

total decline of 4 persons.

Minority new hires were 13 (3%) in 1976 and 11 (4%) in 1977.

IX. Total

Women held 4,252 or 42's% of all state jobs in 1976, and 4,308 or 43% in 1977. Women's overall gain was 56 jobs or k%'

Minorities held 242 positions (2%) in 1976 and 235 (2%) in 1977. Minority numbers have declined by 7 positions.

* New hires can be misleading as indicated on page 1.

29

RONTANA STATE GOVERNMENT imPK^MFNT DATA AS OF iDNf ^0 !>•) infl nil li((li» cti'f I*'(l/(if>| .i)in!efi ofiic icil'.. BUmks will b

, 1977

L- counted CIS /t-ro)

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•,Ai .-.. 000»

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D 0

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E

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F

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0

1

0

0

0

0

155, 0

Q

0

0

4

0

0

d

0

111 ■. .• '<

___L1Q

J.M

._0

_Q

1

1

8

0| 0

Q

0

; 3 '1 1 s '' T 1 1 6 n ;4 'J

241

238

0

0

0

1

2

0 0

0

0

in

30

Jl

0

0

0

0

0

0

C

0

3;' /soJ'ius

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Z

33 -0 1 3-;

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

31 4 0 .«

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1 6 0".!

454

145

1

0

1

6

280

2

2

c

17

36 8 0 ") V

453

154

1

1

1

0

291

1

2

0

2

3? 100 17 9

266

95

0

1

0

2

167

0

0

c

1

38 1 3 !'■ 1 'j V

62

46

0

0

0

1

15

0

0

c

0

i" i

1" ift'.J.:"}

11

8

0

0

0

0

3

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

Jf, .'■; .,us

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1 !

t 1

4 ' 0 ■ 3 '>

0 n, n

0

0

0

0

0

0

c

0

4 . 4 1 •■> y

■\ o!

0

0

0

0

3

0

0

0

0

qs4

.A£

n

0

0

1

884

1

2

0

20

S^.--.-"' Tfifi!

QR, n

1

0

1

654

0

1

1

10

, 0:" 4j ion i'-'

46 i 3 0 1 'j «

46=1

73i ni fi

0

0

385

0

0

2

5

72

32

I

0: 0

1

1

3R

n

n

n

n

; .1" i/i '1 2.1 >)

- _a4

4

n n

0

0

S

Q

Q

n

n

\.., ■> ?s ■• piur, i Ij

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

^

0

0

TABLE 3.1

.toe col-^

30

MONTANA STATE GOV'T empioyment data as of june 30, 197f (Cont.)"

(Do not iricliKlM cU'i lfcl/ti|)|K>mtL'(l oKkmiK Blnnks will bf> ( ODPitfd ci:, zero)

I FUl^Il/WF [A/MK>V(|S (leroporflrycrnployeei not wiclodecl)

2 OTHER THAN FULL TIME EMPLOYEES (Include temporary eniployees)

f>6 OfUCIAlS ADMIN

67 PBOfESSlONAlS

68 TFCMNICIANS

6V PPOTECTIVt SERV

70 PARA PROFESSIONAL

4

.M

_212

SI

_iM

2S1.

3^

_1^

Jl

All

JQ

J.Z1

71 OFFICE ■ CIERKAL

72 SKIIiED CRAFI

B31 _4i

Aaa

JLL2

-30.

73 SFRV , MAINT

492

74 TOIAl OTHER THAN fUll ! TIME

(LINES 66-73)

351

114

2593

1342

31

1179

3. NEW HIRES DURING FISCAL YEAR - Permonent full time only JULY 1 - JUNE 30

24

1 75 OFFICIALS ADMIN

_. 5i

49

0

0

0

0

8

0

£L

0

0

j 76 PROFFSSIQNALS

Sfi2

359

n

3

1

7

202

0

0

6

4

1 77 TECHNICIANS

27^

lfi5

1

n

2

fi

96

0

1

0

2

78 PROTECTIVE SERV

202

192

n

0

0

0

10

0

0

0

0

79 lARA PROFESSIONAL

SSS

235

JL

0

2

10

290

2

4

0

IL

80 OtFiCE CLERICAL

7fi7

77

n

0

0

4

665

0

3

0

IS

81 SKkLfD CRAFT

2^

22

jli

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

82 SERV MAiNT

2SS

147

1

1

1

fi

•9 7

1

0

0

1

1 83 TOTAL NEW HIRES 1 (LINES 75 83)

2714

1246

3

4

6

34

1368

3

8

6

36

COf'V

31

TABLE 3.1

MONTANA STATE LiUVhHNMLNI IMPU^YMFNT DATA AS (JF IDNF ^0 ' 1 >' 1 mil 111! Iiiili" f\f( lc(l/(i|)| .nnite'd odii icil'.. HUinkb wiil b

, 1977

c counted lis /ero)

1 MJLL TIME fcA/,n(:)YEfcS (Tempiirdiy eini'loyees nol includf

cl;

I /.ijr'il.'.i

lOIAL A

MALE

FEMALE

i ■

1

•,/«l.1. 000»

NON HISPANIC ORIGIN

HISPANIf

D

ASIAN

OR

PACIFIC

INLANDER

E

AMERICAN

INDIAN

OR

ALASKAN NAIIVF

F

NON-HISPANIC ORIGIN

HISPANIC

1

ASIAN

OR

PACIFIC

ISlAiOER

J

AMERICA-.

INDIAN

OR

ALASKAN

NAIIVf

K

WHIIf

B

BlAfK C

WHITE

G

BLACK H

.1 1 ■■. . ; 6 '1 7 V

0

Jl

Q

0

0

0

0

0

_Q

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

L.^^^rv^^^fH

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

^^^H

.: 8 1 •/ 9

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

'. 1 ■ 0 1 ;• V

?

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

G

0

'^r.f^li

.. ^so . ■ ■

;m 1 , M

1.1 1 ill 1', '-

87

70

0

0

0

0

15

1

1

0

0

_ 5ia

459

0

2

1

1

54

1

0

0

0

92

Q

.a -J.

90

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

0 0

KBHl

Q| 0

-Q

. ,_Q

_Q

0

0

_Q

c

0

*i #■ *- *.

Ql^ Q

Q

0

_J1

__Q

0

0

0

0

-1

19

-Q

. 0

__Q

0

0

2

0

n

0

0

^_ JQ

Q

0

15

0

0

2

0

11 3

n

1

1

R

281

1

1

n

6

i.^; "it'll !

8ft7

619

1

4

3

6

247

0

1

1

5

<■■ IftO VJ '/

T'^fi

fi46

n

n

1

8

qq

n

0

1

1

!

■

1

ift .'SO PIUS

^ ' ,113''

32

21

0

1

4

0

2

0

0

4

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1.- .i-.''j/

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

■ 1

I

6 ' ■ 7 V

1 39

13

0! 0

0

1

24

0

0

0

1

.'I. H ^ -i ■■'

364

141

1 0

1

4

212

0

1

0

4

1' 1 1 0 fl 1 i V

526

295

0

0

1

6

220

0

1

0

3

;. 130 '5V 7 ( lAii ^J V

II' 5 •'

297

252

0

1

0

1

41

1

1

0

0

70 0

66

0

0

0

0

4

0

0

0

0

1 1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

''

SI

0.

LZ

_ 159

170

q

0

0 0

0

0

0

0

0

1

,-' ^".'■' 1

0.

0

0 0

0

0

0

0

0

■ J

:jii 8 '1 7 V

1(1.1 i.- V

11

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

^^■^■B ^^K.JB^

^k^-'

155, 160

0

0

0

0

4

0

0

0

0

1

1

8

. _0] 0

0

V '" 5fe t "

0 u

i

;3'i 15''

?l 16 0 ,-4 0

241 30

238

0 0

0

1

2

0

Q

0

30

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

">.' .'SO PUIS

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

33 il 1 i 'i

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

c

0

i

r

3.1 J 0 . V

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

c

0

1 6 0 "J

454

145

1

0

1

6

280

2

2

c

17

36 SO O'j

453

154

1

1

1

0

291

1

2

c

2

L

3 7 1 0 0 1 ? u

266

95

0

1

0

2

167

0

c

c

1

1 -

3S '3 r 1'.. 'v

62

46

0

0

0

1

15

0

c

c

0

'w I6'.. ?.i <i

11

8

0

0

0

0

3

0

c

0

0

'. .-

J'i ?-. '•'(US

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

. ~

i

i

d 1 0 ' .1 '>

0

Oj 0

0

n

0

0

0

c

c

0

*

1

4. i 1 •) v> 1 -3

0 n

n 0

0

3

0

0

0

0

i

^< -^r -:: '• i 9^141

_ _.46.

oi

0

0

1

884

1

2

0

20

,£5.jii_ ^ :'.:.'"._. 1

766!

9R n

1

0

1

654

0

1

1

10

ior ,

ij s jCi 1 2^

4651 731 0 n

0

0

385

n

0

2

5

46 13 0 1^9 -^2 02'

1 0 0

1

1

■^R

n

n

n

n

\[

; .ir 1/, r, 2A') > n\

4+

Q 0

0

n

5

Q

Q

Q

Q

j [ J. :•. ?s'' Piij', ' ij

^

0

0

0

6

0

0

y

U|

0

f(.'»r I- »•• -ftj /.- u "*.

LtOC COI-V

^■AC.i }

ifi:i*>t!*

JU

ilTil

>*^_!*i

^^C^XIMWIK*:""'''^

■C COPY

31

^ ^ .^ ^ii

'^^ n

^ 4 .^ m

? -^ M f J5*^^

%3l

"^

i

MONTANA STATE GOV'T eaapioyment data as of june 30, 1977 (Cont.J""

(Do not mclii(l<^ rlf( lfcl/ii|)|ioinlf(l dHkkiIs filmiks will bp ( O'/iitcd ti:> /eio)

'MiailH

1

fUll HMf LMI'U lYI 1 ^ (Temporary vnployeei not intlude<l)

ACltAH

,'k

fAdHi. iSlANDtk

J

OS

A' 4SKAN NAMvl

K

Vik ■

AWff

f&iAL£

-.,,,

( ..:.")

A

NOM HlSPrtWIC

1 AMfRK^

.' 1 OB 1 nv

0(U6IH

Al..l(

B

HI A' >"

c

HI'.l'Afgli

0

PAClHI

i':andi«

E

■..AS<A\ NAPvF

F

0

MHIII

G

RlAfK H

MISPAIIIC 1

d

U Lj L (1

1

0

Q_

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

5C I'lS"

JL

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

6 '. 7 V

2

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

<

ill

'/I

'. / 8 0 ' V

92

12

h ^

0

0

1

9

0

0.

0

0

'.•J lUf^ 1.' V

282

2fi0

_ „JCL

1

0

2

JJ.

0

0

0

1

ri

',j 13 0 ',•'

402

388

0

0

0

1

2 1

0

1

0

0

•,'j I/, II .M '.1

20

20

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

n

n

LJ LJ

6 . '. fl I'IDS

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

lA -

5

•,7 i> 1 J V

iL

0

0

0

0

_a.

0

0

0

n

n

',H 1 ') S •

0

OL

0

0

0

n

0

n

n

n

n

'// 6 11 7 V

_15A^

_ -TL

0

0

2

L

78

0

n

1

1

'," HiTi'-l

1R2

88

JI

1

n

1

91

n

0

n

. — 5

ol 10 0 .' ')

■^IS

2fi4

0

1

n

11

^q

0

0

0

0

- ]

>>? 1 J 0 "i "v

.iir

lfi3

0

1

n

3

4

n

n

n

n

1 0

ftl 16 0 21'V

22

21

n

0

n

n

1

n

n

n

n

) 0

6J ; 25 0 I'lUS

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

0

n

) ( ) 1 1 4

65 IC (LINES

)TAL FULL TIME 1 64)

1002;

: 559

4

16

18

85

4196

8

14

12

78

M 1 1

H

) o: ui

H

1

2. OTHER THAN FULL TIME EMPLOYEES (Include temporary employeesi

*

h6 OFUCIAlS ADMIN

4

3

0

0

a

0

1

0

0

0

JL

67 PBOFESSIONAIS

180

99

0

0

0

2

77

0

0

1

1

6B TfCHNlCIANS

142

588

1

1

2

15

132

1

1

0

1

69 P

70 P

»OTECTIVE SERV

86

70

0

0

1

1

13

0

0

0

1

iRA PROFESSIONAL

217

85

0

1

1

1

121

0

0

0

8

71 Office ■ CtERIf Al

832

108

0

0

0

4

712

1

1

1

5

1

72 S 7~S"

UUED CRAFT

40

30

1

0

0

0

9

0

0

0

0

RV MAINT

492

^^51.

1

2

0

8

114

0

0

0

8

74 T(

II (LINES

JTAl OTHEB <AN FULL ME

66-73)

2593

1342

3

4

4

31

1179

2

2

2

24

3 NEW HIRES DURING FISCAL YEAR Permanent full time only JULY 1 - JUNE 30

75 O

76 P

FFICIAIS ADMIN

57

49

0

0

0

0

8

0

0

0

0

JOFESSIONALS

582

359

0

3

1

7

202

0

0

6

4

77 TECHNICIANS

27^

lfi5

1

0

2

fi

9fi

0

1

0

2

78 PROTECTIVE SERV

202

192

0

0

0

0

la

0

0

0

0

79 lARA PROFESSIONAl

555

235

JL

0

2

10

290

2

4

0

IL

80 QffiCE ClERiCAL

7fi7

77

n

0

0

4

665

0

3

0

IS

81 S<ilCED CRAFT

2 3

22

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

82 SE

RV MAINT

235-

147

1

1

1

fi

•97

1

0

0

1

83 TC

(LINES

TAL NEW HIRES 75 82)

2714

1246

3

4

6

34

1368

3

8

6

36

TABLE 3.2

ANALYSIS OF WOMEN IN POLICY POSITIONS IN STATE GOVERNMENT 1^

(MONTANA)

DEPARTMENT

DEPUTIES &

ADMINISTRATIVE

DEPARTMENT

HEADS

SPECIAL ASST.

ASSISTANTS

M F GRADE

M F GRADE

M F GRADE

Administration

2

Agriculture

1

Business Regulation

Community Affairs

1

Public Instruction

1*

Fish & Game

1

1 15

Governor's Office

1*

1 1 E

3 3 E

Health & Env. Science

Highwa^/s

1

Institutions **

1

Justice

]•

1

1 13

Labor & Industry

Lands

Livestock

Military Affairs

1

Natural Resources

1

_/ Source: Prepared by ICCW - As of September 1977.

♦Elected Officials

** Unable to obtain verification from the agency

?,9

TABLE 3.2 (Cont.)

ANALYSIS OF WOMEN IN POLICY POSITIONS IN STATE ROVERNMENtI/

(MONTANA)

DEPARTMENT

Administration Agriculture Business Regulation Community Affairs Public Instruction Fish & Game Governor's Office Health & Env. Sci . Highways Institutions**

Justice

Labor & Industry

Lands

Livestock

Military Affairs

Natural Resources

DIVISION ADMINISTRATOR

-M Grade

GRADE

15 8 4 7 4 6 2 4 6 5

17- 20

14- 19

IS- IS

17- 19

19

18

E

17

16

23

18- 24

17- 21

17- 23

25 5 E

6

3

2

1

•8

18

18- 20

15- 17

19- 23

17

IS- IS

21 5 6 5

14 8 5

14 9 5 6 1

10

(1) Institution Supt.

BUREAU CHIEF

Jl GRADE

IS- IS

14- 17 18

16- 17 E

17- 23

15-

19

16- 17

15- 17

IS- IS

14- 16

15- 21

15

15- 17

1/ c

- Source: Prepared by ICCW - As of September 1977 Unable to obtain verification from the Agency.

33

2 3 1 1

2 1 2 1 1

ORADL

17

14

17- 23 16

17

15- 17 14

11

14

13

OTHER

-M GRADE F GRAnp

(2) 6^ 15- 17

4(2) 16- 17

6(2) 17

(2) Asst. Div. Admin,

TABLE 3.2 (Cont.)

ANALYSIS OF WOMEN IN POLICY POSITIONS IN STATE GOVERNMENtI/

(MONTANA)

Department

Professional & Occupational Licen,

Public Service Com.

Revenue

SRS

TOTAL :

DEPARTMENT HEADS

M

1

5* 1 1

16

GRADE

DEPUTIES & SPECIAL ASST.

M

GRADE

}?(3,

ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT

GRADE

15

14 1

17

DEPARTMENT

DIVISION ADMINISTRATOR

BUREAU CHIEFS

r

OTHER

M GRADE F GRADE

M

GRADE F GRADE

M GRADE F GRADE

Professional &

Occupational Licen.

Public Service Com.

Revenue

22 14-

9

13- 4 11-

SRS

6 17- 1 18

15

16 15 16- 2 16-

13^^) 14- 18^^) 14-

18

17 17

17 17

TOTAL : 128

158

23

29

18

TOTAL POSITIONS: 406

54 Women 352 Men

♦Elected Officials

(3) Exec. Sec,

(4) Co. Welfare Directors

- Source: Prepared by ICCW - As of September 1977,

34

WOMEN AND EARNINGS

SECTION 4

55

THE EARNINGS GAP

The gap between earnings of males and females is real and continues to grow. In 1955 women earned 63.9% of males earnings. By 1974 this had dropped to 57,2%

TABLE 4.1 Earnings of Full -Time, Year- Round Workers by Sex, 1972i/

(NATIONWIDE) Earnings Women Men

[Jumber with earnings (in thousands) Percent

Less than $3,000 $3,000 to $4,999 $5,000 to $6,999 $7,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 and over

Part of the reason for this differential could be the fact that most female employment is concentrated in industries that have lower average weekly earninns. Another factor could be the following idea brought out in Women and Work. "The Employer view that women are less committed, able or productive workers than men needs careful examination. .............

Possibly the opposite of what employers and some researchers claim is in fact true, that women's earnings suffer because they remain committed, steady, able workers, even when wage and promotional incentives are low. Hales are in a better baroaining position than females because their labor is in shorter supply (at least when measured by unemployment rates). Moreover, they apparently nress their barqaininn position much harder than females do. If employers wish to retain males, and keep their productivity relatively high, they may need to pay them higher wages. The same may not apply to women workers. The problem, then, is not that women are less committed workers than men, but that they may be too conmitted and undemanding, and therefore less able to increase their compensation.

16,675

38,134

100.0

100.0

9.4

4.6

26.2

6.6

29.2

12.6

23.9

24.9

9.7

31.2

1.7

20.0

1/

Persons 14 years of age and over.

Source: Prepared by the Women's Bureau from data published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 90, 1973.

36

TABLE 4.2

Comparison of Median Earnings of Year-Round Full-Time Workers,

by Sex 1955-1974

(NATIONWIDE)

(Persons 14 Years of Age and Over)

Women's earnings

Percent men's

Earninqs

Earnings

as a

earnings

gap in

Median

earninqs

gap in

percent

exceeded

constant

Women

Men

dollars

of men's

women's

1967 dollars

Year

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

1974

$6,772

$11,835

$5,063

57.2

74.8

$3,433

1973

6,335

11,186

4,851

56.6

76.6

3,649

1972

5,903

10,202

4,299

57.9

72.8

3,435

1971

5,593

9,399

3,806

59.5

68.0

3,136

1970

5,323

8,966

3,643

59.4

68.4

3,133

1969

4,977

8,227

3,250

60.5

65.3

2,961

1968

4,457

7,664

3,207

58.2

72.0

3,079

1967

4,150

7,182

3,032

57.8

73.1

3,032

1966

3,973

6,848

2,875

58.0

72.4

2,958

1965

3,823

6,375

2,552

60.0

66.8

2,700

1964

3,690

6,195

2,505

59.6

67.9

2,696

1963

3,561

5,978

2,417

59.6

67.9

2,637

1962

3,466

5,974

2,528

59.5

73.4

. 2,790

1961

3,351

5,644

2,293

59.4

68.4

2.559

1960

3,293

5,417

2,124

60.8

64.5

2,394

1959

3,193

5,209

2,016

61.3

63.1

2,308

1958

3,102

4,927

1,825

63.0

58.8

2,108

1957

3,008

4,713

1,705

63.8

56.7

2,023

1956

2,827

4.466

1,639

63.3

58.0

2,014

1955

2,719

4,252

1,533

63.9

56.4

1,911

l^otes: For 1967-1974, data include wage and salary income and earnings from self-employment; for 1956-66, data include wage and salary income only.

Column 3 = column 2 minus column 1.

Column 4 = column 1 divided by column 2.

Column 5 = column 2 minus column 1, divided by column 1.

Column 6 = column 3 times the purchasing power of the consumer dollar

(1967 = $1.00).

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census: "Money Income of Families and Persons in the United States." Current Population Reports, 1957 to 1975. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics: Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1975.

37

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39

GRAPH 4.3 nONTANA

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF HOURLY WAGE RATE PLACEMENTS BY SEX*

40

30

10

Under

2.10-

2.30-

2.50-

3.00-

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2.10

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2.99

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UP

* As Reported by Montana's loaal Job Service of f ices , October 1, 1976 through September ZO , 1977.

40

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41

MONTANA FEMALE UNEMPLOYMENT

SECTION 5

: The following pages contain

infonnation on occupational attachment of unemployed females, and Job Service activities involving female applicants.

43

TABLE 5.1

OCCUPATIONAL ATTACHMENT OF UNEMPLOYED FEMALES IN MONTANA

1974-1977

(Percent Distribution)

1974

1975

1976

1977.^-^

1/

Professional, Technical & Managerial

Clerical

Services

Farming, Fishing, Forestry & Related

Processing

Machines Trades

Bench Work

Structural Work

Miscellaneous

8.47,

7.6Z

12.6%

13.4%

48.6%

48.3%

45.2%

41.1%

35.2%

34.7%

33.4%

37.8%

.3%

.2%

1.3%

.3%

1.4%

.8%

.8%

.8%

2.4%

2.3%

1.2%

1.4%

1.6%

1.6%

1.1%

.9%

.6%

1.1%

.9%

1.1%

2.5%

3.4%

3.5%

3.2%

TOTAL;

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Source: ES 203 (Sample claims as reported by Montana's Local Job Service office). Employment Security Division, Research and Analysis Section.

1/ January 1 through August 30, 1977.

44

TABLE 5.2 JOB COUNSELING AND TRAINING ACTIVITY

(Montana Job Service Offices)

TOTAL APPLICANTS COUNSELED: 18,102

Females Counseled: 7,795

TOTAL REFERRED TO SUPPORT SERVICE: 3,588

Females Referred: 1,165

TOTAL GIVEN TESTS: 10,942

Females Tested: 7,176

TOTAL ENROLLED IN TRAINING: 3,554

Females Enrolled: 1 ,780

TOTAL PLACEMENTS RESULTING FROM JOB DEVELOPMENT: 6,074

Female Placements: 2,358

Source: Montana State Employment Security Division, Employment Security Automated Reporting System, October 1, 1976 through September 30, 1977.

TABLE 5.3

MONTANA

JOB PLACEMENT ACTIVITY (Montana Job Service Offices)

TOTAL APPLICANTS Female Applicants Male Applicants

TOTAL PLACEMENTS Female Placements Male Placements

127,842 53,880 73,962

31,642 12,656 18,986

Percent

100.0 42.1 57.9

Percent of

Applicants

Placed

By Sex

24.8 23.5 25.7

TABLE 5.4 MONTANA BREAKDOWN OF JOB PLACEMENTS BY HOURLY DOLLAR WAGE RATE AND SEX*

WAGE RATE

TOTAL

NUMBER OF

NUMBER OF

PERCENT

PERCENT

PERCENT

APPLICANTS

FEMALES

MALES

TOTAL

FEMALE

MALE

TOTAL

31,642

12,656

18,986

100.0

40.0

60.0

Under 2.10

2,765

1,121

1,644

100.0

40.5

59.5

2.10-2.29

1,324

759

565

100.0

57. Z

42.7

2.30-2.49

8,265

4,494

3,771

100.0

54.4

45.6

2.50-2.99

8,699

4,006

4,693

100.0

46.0

53.9

3.00-3.49

7,404

2,114

5,290

100.0

28.6

71.4

3.50-3.99

3,414

664

2,750

100.0

19.4

80.6

4.00-4.49

2,451

265

2,186

100.0

10.8

89.2

4.50-4.99

1,356

158

1,198

100.0

11.7

88.3

5.00- up

2,895

238

2,747

100.0

8.0

92.0

* Wage rate figures may not add to total, since one applicant may have been placed at more than one job, and therefore listed at more than one wage level.

Source: Montana State Employment Security Division, Employment Security Automated Reporting System, October 1, 1-976 through September 30, 1977.

46

TABLE 5.5

MONTANA

CHARACTERISTICS OF WIN PLACEMENTS (Montana Job Service Offices)

TOTAL WIN REGISTRANTS:

Female Registrants:

Male Registrants:

TOTAL WIN PLACEMENTS:

Female Placements:

Male Placements:

NUMBER

4,585

3,645

940

1,303

1,024

279

PERCENT

100.0% 79.5% 20.5%

200.0% 78.6% 21.4%

TABLE 5.6 MONTANA HOURLY DOLLAR WAGES AT WHICH WIN REGISTRANTS WERE PLACED

Regis- Under 2.10- 2.30- 2.50- 3.00- 3.50- 4.00- 4.50- 5.00- Averaqe

trants 2.10 2.29 2.49 2.99 3.49 3.99 4.49 4.99 ug. Wage

Total 1,303 71 60 388 365 161 88 51 17 102 2.98

Female 1,024 62 55 361 320 122 56 22 7 19 2.68

Male 279 9 5 27 45 39 32 29 10 83 4.07

TABLE 5.7 MONTANA OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY OF WIN PLACEMENTS

TOTAL

0-1 Professional, Technical & Managerial 86

2 Clerical & Sales 348

3 Service 571

4 Farming, Fishing, Forestry

& Related 22

5 Processing 19

6 Machine Trades 32

7 Bench Work 22

8 Structural Work 75

9 Other 128

FEMALE

PERCENT

71

82.6%

326

93.7%

522

91.4%

8

36.4%

10

52.6%

9

28.1%

17

77.3%

7

9.3%

54

42.2%

Source: Montana State Employment Security Division, Employment Security

Automated Reporting System, October 1, 1976 through September 30, 1977.

47

EDUCATION

SECTION 6

National and State trends of

female educational attainment.

49

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF WOMEN IN MONTANA

As of the 1970 Census, Montana women had completed 12.3 years of schooling as compared to 11.9 years for Montana men.

Nationwide, men and women in the labor force have the same median number of school years completed. However, more women had completed high school (75% Vs. 71%) while more men had completed college (19% Vs. 14%).!/

On the college level national figures from the U.S. Department of H.E.W.'s publication Earned Degrees Conferred, show a continued trend toward higher educational attainment. The number of students receiving degrees increased 84% during the decade ending in 1975. Total females receiving degrees more than doubled, rising from 274,000 in 1965 to 569,000 in 1975, a 107.5% increase. The number of males receiving degrees also increased (69.5% over 1965 figures).

The number of students receiving degrees in Montana has also increased

by 45.5% between 1965 and 1977. Female graduation increased 64.3%,

(or 730 students) while male graduation increased 34.4%, (or 667 students).

The following table gives a breakdown of the increases noted in

Montana's institutions of higher education within the last 12 years.

Note that first professional degree increases may be misleading

due to the small amount of students receiving these degrees. (First

professional degrees include such occupations as dentistry, law,

medicine, theology, etc. In order to be classified as a first professional

degree, a program must require at least two years of college work

prior to entrance and call for at least 6 years of college education

for completion. )

y U.S. Department of Labor, "Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1977", Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 100 No. 12, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, December 1977.

51

PERCENT INCREASE BY DEGREES EARNED IN MONTANA 1965-1977

First Bachelors Masters Professional Ph. D.

Men Women Men Uomen Men Women Men Women

27.4% 51.7% 36.7% 303.7% 116.1% 700.0% 103.4% 100.0%

Not only are Montana women achieving a higher education, they are also heading toward non- traditional careers more than ever before. Between 1970 and 1977, the percentage of women receiving degrees increased in the following non-traditional fields: agriculture and natural resources (14.9), biological sciences (9.3), business management (9.2), law (7.8), engineering (6.2), and math (4.1). The percentage of women receiving degrees has decreased in such traditional fields as: fine and applied arts (-9.7), home economics (-6.0), health (-2.7), foreign language (-.8), and education (-.5), Note that 1977 figures do not include private institution data; therefore, the differentials may vary slightly.

An analysis conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics showed that the percentage of women enrolled in first-professional degree programs has increased dramatically. Between 1969-1970 and 1975-1976, the proportion of women among total enrollment in selected programs had risen in medicine from 9.0 to 20.5%, in dentistry from 1.4 to 9.7%, in veterinary medicine from 8.8 to 23.5%, and in law from 7.0 to 23,3%.^

The percentage of women returning to school to receive their masters degree is also on the upswing in almost all occupational categories, as can be seen in both state and national totals.

2/ U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Reporter, December 1977, Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977, p. 87.

52

TABLE 6.1 MONTANA 1970 CENSUS DATA AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

NUMBER OF AREA PERSONS

STATE

Total , 14 & over

501,780

Males, 14 & over

248,999

Females , 14 ?^ over

252,781

Total, 25 & over

364,508

Males, 25 & over

180,092

Females, 25 & over

184,416

URBAN

Total , 14 S over

272,328

Males, 14 & over

131,736

Females, 14 & over

140,592

Total, 25 & over

192,060

Males, 25 & over

91,644

Females, 25 & over

100,416

RURAL NON-FARM

Total, 14 & over

169,903

Males, 14 & over

85,103

Females, 14 X over

84,800

Total, 25 8, over

127,668

Males, 25 & over

64,302

Females, 25 & over

63,366

RURAL FARM

Total, 14 & over

:9,549

Males, 14 & over

32,160

Females, 14 & over

27,389

Total, 25 & over

44,780

Males, 25 & over

24,146

Females, 25 & over

20,634

MEDIAN

SCHOOL

YEAR COMPLETED

12

.2

12

.1

12

.2

12

.3

12

.2

12

.3

12

.3

12

.3

12

.3

12

.4

12

.4

12

.4 :

11,

,8

11.

.3

12,

.0

12.

.1

12,

.0

12.

,2

11.

,8

11.

,0

12.

2

12.

2

11.

6

12.

4

53

TABLE

6.2

MONTANA

NUMBER OF DEGREES

AWARDED,

1965-66

THROUGH

1976

-77

(By Sex)

BACHELOR'S

MASTER'S

FIRST PROFESSIONAL

PHD

YEAR

MEfl WOMEN

MEN 1

JOMEN

MEN

WOMEN

MEN

WOMEN

1965-66

1590 1078

288

54

31

1

29

2

66-67

1601 1113

287

89

35

-

46

3

67-68

1644 1185

347

109

33

1

41

3

68-69

1873 1449

371

134

47

-

47

4

69-70

2193 1553

433

153

34

-

62

1

70-71

2309 1682

512

170

34

1

74

2

71-72

2301 1819

480

182

39

0

67

5

*72-73

73-74

2252 1621

485

187

49

2

93

10

74-75

2083 1639

435

178

54

7

73

8

*75-76

2208 1634

468

218

58

7

61

5

*76-77

2025 1635

454

218

67

8

59

4

* Information for the year 1?72-1973 is not available. Information for the years 1975-1977 has not yet been published. Figures were obtained through the Montana State Department of Education, Office of the Comissioner of higher education, and include only public institution data.

Source: U. S. Department of Heialth, Education and Welfare, National Center for Educational Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred, 1965-1975

54

TABLE 6.3 NATIONWIDE

NUMBER OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1965-66 THROUGH 1974-75

(By Sex)

FIRST

BACHELOR'S

MASTER'S

PROFESSIONAL

PHD

YEAR

MEN

WOMEN

MEN

WOMEN

MEN

WOMEN

MEN

WOMEN

965-66

301,969

223,296

93.184

47,588

29,153

1,195

16,121

2,118

66-67

324,710

238,232

103,179

54,713

30,590

1,330

18.164

2,457

67-68

360,163

277,174

113,749

63,401

32,667

1,587

20,185

2,906

68-69

412,864

321,138

121,881

72,553

34,069

1,612

22,753

3,436

69-70

453,605

344,465

126,146

83,241

33,344

1,908

25,892

3,980

70-71

478,423

367,687

138,590

92,896

35,797

2,479

27,534

4,579

71-72

503,361

390,479

150,085

102,689

41,021

2,753

28,095

5,274

72-73

521,534

408,738

155,000

109,525

46,827

3,608

28,575

6,215

73-74

530,907

423,469

158,344

119,915

48,904

5,374

27,374

6,452

74-75

508.424

423,239

162,115

131,536

49,230

7,029

26,819

7,267

Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, National Center for Educational Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred. 1965-1974.

55

TABLE 6.4

MONTANA

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF DEGREES AWARDED. 1965-66 THROUGH 1976-77

(By Sex)

BACHELOR'S

MASTER'S

FIRST PROFESSIONAL

PHD

YEAR

MEN

WOMEN

MEN

WOMEN

MEN

WOMEN

MEN

WOMEN

1965-66

59.6

40.4

84.2

15.8

96.9

3.1

93.5

6.5

66-67

59.0

41.0

76.3

23.7

100.0

0

93.9

6.1

67-68

58.2

41.9

76.1

23.9

97.0

3.0

93.2

6.8

68-69

56.4

43.6

73.5

26.5

100.0

0

92.2

7.8

69-70

58.5

41.5

73.9

26.1

100.0

0

98.4

1.6

70-71

57.9

42.1

75.1

24.9

97.1

2.9

97.4

2.6

71-72

55.8

44.2

72.5

27.5

100.0

0

93.1

6.9

* 72-73

73-74

58.1

41.9

72.2

27.8

96.1

3.9

90.3

9.7

74-75

56.0

44.0

71.0

29.0

88.5

11.5

90.1

9.9

* 75-76

57.5

42.5

68.2

31.8

89.2

10.8

92.4

7.6

* 76-77

55.3

44.7

67.6

32.4

89.3

10.7

93.7

6.3

* Information for the year 1972-1973 is not available. Information for the years 1975-1977 has not yet been published. Figures were obtained through the Montana State Department of Education, Office of the Commissioner of higher education, and include only public institution data.

Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, National Center for Educational Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred, 1965-1975.

56

TABLE 6.5 NATIONWIDE

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1965-66 THROUGH 1974-75

(By Sex)

BACHELOR'S

MASTER'S

FIRST PROFESSIONAL

PHD

YEAR

MEN

WOMEN

MEN

WOMEN

MEN

WOMEN

MEN

WOMEN

1965-66

5?. 5

42.5

66.2

33.8

96.1

3.9

88.4

11.6

66-67

57.7

42.3

65.3

34.7

95.8

4.2

88.1

11.9

67-68

56.5

43.5

64.2

35.8

95.4

4.6

87.4

12.6

68-69

56.2

43.8

62.7

37.3

95.5

4.5

86.9

13.1

69-70

56.8

43.2

60.2

39.8

94.6

5.4

86.7

13.3

70-71

56.5

43.5

59.8

40.1

93.5

6.5

85.7

14.3

71-72

56.3

43.7

99.4

40.6

93.7

6.3

84.2

15.8

72-73

56.1

43.9

58.6

41.4

92.8

7.2

82.1

17.9

73-74

55.6

44.4

57.9

43.1

90.1

9.9

80.9

19.1

74-75

54.6

45.4

55.2

44.8

87.5

12.5

78.7

21.3

Source: U.S. Department of Healthy Education and Welfare, national Center for Educational Statistics , Earned Degrees Conferred, 1965-1975.

57

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59

TABLE 6.6 MONTANA

OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1970-1977-

BACHELORS

MASTERS

DOCTORATE

% OF

% OF

% OF

'

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

AGRICULTURE &

NATURAL RESOURCES

1970-71

208

7

3.4

43

1

2.3

11

0

0

71-72

228

12

5.3

44

1

2.3

6

0

0

♦72-73

73-74

268

28

10.4

40

3

7.5

7

0

0

*74-75

*75-76

379

58

25.3

48

8

16.7

6

0

0

*76-77

367

67

18.3

38

7

18.4

5

a

0

ARCHITECTURE &

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

70-71

27

1

3.7

-

.

-

_

_

•

71-72

30

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

m

*72-73

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

73-74

19

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

.

*74-75

*75-76

28

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

.

*76-77

36

1

-

-

-

-

.

-

.

AREA STUDIES

1970-71 71-72 *72-73 73-74 *74-75 *75-76 ♦76-77

1 2

1 100.0

1

2

100.0 100.0

Information for the yeaoca 1972-73 and 1974-75 is not available. Information for 1975- 1977 waa^ obtained through the Montana State Department of Education, Office of the Cormiaeioner of Higher Education and includee only public institution data.

Source: U.S.^ Department of Health, Education & Welfare, NaHonal Center for Educational Statvatvca, Earned Degrees Conferred 1965-1975.

60

TABLE 6.6 (Cont.) MONTANA

OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1970-1977

BACHELOR!

b

MASTERS

DOCTORATE

% OF

% OF

% OF

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

BIOLOGICAL

SCIENCES

1970-71

216

68

Z1.5

42

6

14.3

12

71-72 *72-73

193

69

35.8

58

13

22.4

15

1

6.7

73-74 *74-75

245

75

30.6

28

5

17.9

17

3

17.6

*75-76

268

91

34.0

40

8

20.0

14

0

"

♦76-77

200

77

38. S

40

12

30.0

n

3

27.3

BUSINESS ?i MANAGEMENT

1970

-71

499

72

14

4

41

5

12

9

/I-

-72

488

71

14

5

44

2

4

5

*/2-

-73

-

_

73-

■74

447

61

13.

6

49

2

4

7

*/4-

•75

-

.

*75-

•76

501

113

22.

6

73

7

g

fi

*/6-

■77

461

117

25.

4

62

6

9.

7

COMPUTER & INFORMATION SCIENCES

1970-71

1

71-72

3

1

33.3

*72-73

-

.

73-74

13

1

7.7

*74-75

•

^

*75-76

28

3

10.7

*76-77

23

4

17.4

^nfomat^on for the years 1972-73 and 1974-75 is not available. Information for 1975- 1977 was obtained through the Montana State Department of Education, Office of the Corrrmssxoner of Evgh^r Education and includes only public institution data.

Source: u.S Dep^tment of Health, Education S Welfare, National Center for Educational btat^st^cs, Earned Degrees Conferred 1965-1975.

61

TABLE 6.6 (Cont.) MONTANA

OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1970-1977

BACHELORS

MASTERS

DOCTORATE

% OF

% OF

% OF

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

EDUCATION

1970-71

1266

827

65.3

269

82

30.5

20

1

5.0

71-72

1348

913

67.7

244

91

37.3

18

3

16.7

*72-73

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

73-74

1123

764

68.0

307

118

38.4

31

3

-

*74-75

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

*75-76

844

554

65.6

315

127

40.3

20

3

15.0

*76-77

758

502

66.2

321

135

42.1

21

1

4.8

ENGINEERING

1970-71

273

6

2.2

53

_

n

-

_

71-72

258

6

2.3

47

-

7

-

-

♦72-73

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

73-74

259

5

1.9

53

3

5.7

9

-

-

*74-75

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

*75-76

251

13

5.2

44

1

2.3

3

-

-

*76-77

253

21

8.3

62

3

4.8

1

-

-

FINE & APPLIED ARTS

1970-71

87

50

57.5

20

6

30.0

71-72

88

49

55.7

19

7

36.8

♦72-73

-

-

-

-

-

-

73-74

96

59

61.5

14

3

21.4

♦74-75

-

-

-

-

-

-

♦75-76

139

57

41.0

22

8

36.4

♦76-77

120

52

43.3

16

6

37.5

* Information for the years 1972-73 and 1974-75 is not aoaiUible. Information for 1975- 1977 was obtained through the Montana State Department of Education^ Office of the Conmissioner of Higher Education and includes only public institution data.

Source: U.S. Department of Healthy Education & Welfare^ National Center for Educational Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred 1965-1975.

62

TABLE 6.6 (Cont.) MONTANA

OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1970-1977 BACHELORS MASTERS

% OF

% OF

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

FOREIGN LANGUAGE

1970-71

48

40

83.3

11

6

54.5

71-72

53

34

64.2

11

7

63.6

*72-73

73-74

55

46

83.6

7

4

57.1

*74-75

*75-76

51

40

78.4

6

4

66.7

*76-77

52

39

75.0

5

5

100.0

HEALTH PROFESSIONS

1970-71

178

150

84.3

18

16

88.9

71-72

135

107

79.3

21

20

95.2

*72-73

73-74

82

54

65.9

10

7

70.0

*74-75

*75-76

298

233

78.2

6

13

81.3

♦76-77

331

270

13

12

92.3

HOME ECONOMICS

1970-71

92

90

97.8

6

6

100.0

71-72

102

101

99.0

3

3

100.0

*72-73

73-74

113

108

95.6

10

10

100.0

*74-75

*75-76

87

85

97.7

6

5

83.3

*76-77

331

270

81.6

13

12

92.3

DOCTORATE

TOTAL

% OF

TOTAL

WOMEN WOMEN

* Information for the years 1972-73 and 1974-75 is not available. Information for 1975- 1977 was obtained through the Montana State Department of Education^ Office of the Coimissioner of Higher Education and includes only public institution data.

Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education & Welfare, National Center for Educational Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred 1965-1975.

63

TABLE 6.6 (Cont.) MONTANA

LETTERS

1970-71 71-72 *72-73 73-74 *74-75 *75-76 *76-77

OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1970-1977 BACHELORS MASTERS

TOTAL

WOMEN

% OF TOTAL WOMEN

TOTAL

WOMEN

% OF TOTAL WOMEN

254 226

143 151

55. S 66.8

16 22

2

9

12.5 40.9

195

114

58.5

25

7

28.0

172 151

85 87.5

49.4 57.9

23 24

6 5

26.1 20.8

DOCTORATE

TOTAL

% OF

TOTAL

WOMEN WOMEN

LIBRARY SCIENCE

1970-71

.

.

5

5

100.0

_

71-72

-

-

-

4

2

50.0

-

*72-73

-

-

-

2

1

50.0

-

73-74

-

-

—

-

-

—

-

*74-75

-

-

—

-

-

_

-

*75-76

-

-

-

6

3

50.0

-

*76-77

"

—

—

^

^

—

MATHEMATICS

1970-71

95

29

30.5

30

5

16.7

5

71-72

95

37

38.9

32

6

18.8

3

*72-73

-

-

_

-

-

_

-

73-74

54

17

31.5

30

5

16.7

6

*74-75

-

-

_

-

-

-

*75-76

59.5

19

31.9

8

4

50.0

4

*76-77

47.5

16

33.7

8

2

25.0

4

* Information for the years 1972-73 and 1974-75 is not available. Information for 1975- 1977 was obtained through the Montana State Department of Education, Office of the Commissioner of Higher Education and includes only public institution data.

Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education S Welfare, National Center for Educational Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred 1965-1975.

64

TABLE 6.6 (Cont.) MONTANA

OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1970-1977

BACHELORS

MASTERS

DOCTORATE

% OF

% OF

% OF

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

1970-71

75

9

12.0

32

3

9.4

12

.

«,

71-72

71

11

15.5

29

1

3.4

12

1

8.3

*72-73

-

-

_

-

-

_

-

-

-

73-74

77

16

20.8

22

2

9.1

12

1

8.3

♦74-75

-

-

-

-

-

_

-

-

-

*75-76

79.5

14

17.6

21

3

14.3

8

0

-

*76-77

116

16

13.8

18

3

16.7

8

0

^

PSYCHOLOGY

1970-71

50

16

32.0

14

3

21.4

5

1

20.0

71-72

72

31

43.1

8

2

25.0

9

-

-

*72-73

-

-

—

-

-

_

-

-

-

73-74

99

40

40.4

14

2

14.3

18

3

16.7

*74-75

-

-

_

-

-

_

-

-

-

*75-76

91

44

48.4

14

8

57.1

10

1

10.0

*76-77

69

34

14

14

2

14.3

9

0

'

PUBLIC AFFAIRS &

SERVICES

1970-71

37

23

62.2

.

.

^

_

-

-

71-72

56

44

78.6

-

-

—

-

-

-

*72-73

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

73-74

99

59

59.6

21

4

19.0

-

-

-

*74-75

-

-

-

-

-

—

-

-

-

*75-76

85

63

74.1

15

1

6.7

-

-

-

*76-77

104

66

63.5

23

10

43.5

-

-

-

* Information for the years 1972-73 and 1974-75 is not available. Information for 1975- 1977 was obtained through the Montana State Department of Education^ Office of the Commissioner of Higher Education and includes only public institution data.

Source: U.S. Department of Healthy Education & Welfare^ National Center for Educational Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred 1965-1975. •

65

TABLE 6.6 (Cont.) MONTANA

OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY OF DEGREES AWARDED, 1970-1977

1

JACHELOR

S

MASTERS

DOCTORATE

% OF

% OF

% OF

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

TOTAL

WOMEN WOMEN

SOCIAL SCIENCES

1970-71

510

135

26.5

16

4

25.0

.

mm _

71-72

555

152

27.4

33

5

15.2

2

-

*72-73

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- -

73-74

511

138

27.0

40

11

27.5

3

- -

*74-75

-

-

~

—

-

-

-

— —

♦75-76

406.5

128

31.5

23

9

39.1

1

-

*76-77

401

143

35.7

17

4

23.5

4

- -

INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES

1970-71

47

8

17.0

63

19

30.2

.

71-72

61

14

23.0

41

13

31.7

-

♦72-73

-

-

-

-

-

—

-

73-74

34

12

35.3

-

-

-

-

*74-75

-

-

-

-

.•

-

♦75-76

13

2

15.4

6

50.0

-

♦76-77

30

12

40.0

8

3

37.5

■"

FIRST PROFESSIONAL

DEGREES

IN

MONTANA

% OF

TOTAL

TOTAL

WOMEN

WOMEN

LAW

1970-71 1^-11

*ii-n

73-74

♦75-76 ♦76-77

35 39

51

65 75

7 8

2.9

3.9

10.8 10.7

ourae

Information for the ifeacrs 1972-73 and 1974-75 is not available. Information for 1975- 1977 was obtained t}n>ough the Montana State Department of Education ^ Office of the Commissioner of Higher Education and includes only public institution data.

U.S. Department of Healthy Education S Welfare, National Center for Educational Statistics Earned Degrees Conferred 1965-1975.

66

LAWS AFFECTING MONTANA WOMEN

SECTION 7

The following pages give a brief

description of the laws affecting Montana women, guidelines to determine if a discriminatory problem exists, and where to go for help.

67

WHAT IS DISCRIMINATION?

Discrimination against women in employment is a very real problem. Sex discrimination accounts for 40% of the complaints being received by the Equal Opportunity Commission.!/ Some major discriminatory jpractices affecting women which have been brought to court by the EEOC include:!./

1. Failure to recruit women or minorities for traditionally male and/or high paying jobs;

2. Use of discriminatory tests for hiring or promotions;

3. Failure to allow female employees to work after the third month of pregnancy;

4. Discrimination against women with respect to job assignments, pay, and hours;

5. Discrimination against women by treating pregnancy differently than other nonoccupational disabilities;

6. Relegation of women and minorities to low paid, undesirable jobs;

7. The practice of laying off female employees while retaining male employees with less seniority;

8. Exclusion of female employees from supervisory positions;

9. The practice of limiting overtime work for female employees;

10. Use of stiffer promotion criteria for women than for men;

11. The practice of firing a female employee after she filed sex dis- crimination charges (Retaliation by an employer is a misdemeanor. The Human Rights Commission is empowered to treat the retaliation ^ as a separate discrimination complaint and take action to stop it.^)

12. The use of sex-segregated help-wanted ads.

13. Requiring applicants to weigh 130 pounds.

14. Enforcement of male and female job classifications;

15. Limiting women to low-paying clerical jobs.

16. Use of hiring criteria that excludes female applicants.

68

Footnotes WHAT IS DISCRIMINATION?

1/ Executive Enterprises Publishing, EEO Compliance Kit, Working Manual pp. 354b.

2/ Note that the discriminatory practices listed are specific cases - no generali- ties can be made. For more information, see the EEO Compliance Kit, working manual .

3/ Montana Department of Labor, Labor Standards Division, Montana Women and the Law, p. 3.

69

LAWS AFFECTING MONTANA WOMEN

EMPLOYMENT (Federal Laws)

Executive Order 11246 -

Purpose: To eliminate discrimination because of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. E.O. 11246 not only forbids discrimination, it requires that the employer remedy the effects of past discrimination through affirmative action.

Provisions:

1. All employers with government contracts or subcontracts exceeding $10,000 are required to follow a 7-point discrimination clause set up in E.O. 11246.

2. Contractors and subcontractors whose projects are financed in whole or in part by federal funds are also required to follow the provisions in E.O. 11246.

3. All government contractors or subcontractors with 50 or more employees and a contract of $50,000 or more are required to set up and carry out an individual affirmative action plan for their company according to E.E.O. requirements. The affirmative action plan must set up future goals allowing for the employment and promotion of minority personnel.

Enforcement Agency:

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Washington, D.C. 20506

OR Department of Administration Personnel Division Equal Employment Opportunity Bureau 1218 East Sixth Avenue Helena, MT 59601

Equal Pay Act of 1963 -^

Purpose: To Eliminate pay differentials on the basis of sex.

Provisions:

1. All employers which are subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act must comply with this law. (i.e. most employers involved with interstate and foreign commerce.)

2. The basic idea incorporated in this law is "equal pay for equal work."

- Information pertaining to the purpose and provisions of E. 0. 11246 was obtained through The E.E.O. Compliance Kit, Working and Reference Manuals, Executive Enterprises Publishing.

2/ ~ Ibid

70

LAWS AFFECTING MONTANA WOMEN (Cont.)

Enforcement Agency:

Wage and Hour Division Employment Standards Administration U.S. Department of Labor Washington, D.C. 20201

Civil Rights Act of 1964-Title VII (as amended in \STi)y

Pujpose: Bans discrimination in employment because of race, color, religion, sex or national origin.

Provisions:

1. It is unlawful for employers, labor unions, or employment agencies

to discriminate in hiring or firing; wages; fringe benefits; classifying; referring; assignirig or promoting employees; extending or assigning facilities; training, re-training or apprenticeships; or any other terms, conditions or privileges of employment.

2. All employers with 15 or more employees who are "engaged in an industry affecting commerce" are covered.

3. Religious institutions are exempt with regard to discrimination based on religion.

Enforcement Agency:

U.S. EEOC Washington, DC 20506

OR EEO Bureau >

1218 East Sixth Avenue Helena, MT 59601

4/ Age Discrimination in Employment Act -

Purpose: To prohibit discrimination based on age against anyone 40 years old but less than 65.

Provisions:

1. Applies to employers of 20 or more employees, employment agencies and labor unions with more than 25 meinbers. (Law does not apply to bona fide occupational qualifications. )

2. Any action taken against the complainant by his employer is unlawful.

Enforcement Agency:

Wage & Hour Division Employment Standards Administration U.S. Department of Labor Washington, D.C. 20201

3/

Ibid

4/

- Information taken from U.S. Department of Labor, Employment Standards Administration,

A Working Womans Guide to Her Job Rights.

71

LAWS AFFECTING MONTANA WOMEN (Cont.) EMPLOYMENT (State Laws) Monta. a Human Rights Act (1974) -^

Purpose: To eliminate discriminatory practices within Montana.

Provisions:

1. It is illegal in the state of Montana to discriminate against anyone because of their race, religion, color, national origin, age, sex, mental or physical handicaps in the following areas: employment, training, housing, public accommodations, financing, (including credit) education or government services.

2. Discrimination because of marital status is barred in all of the above areas except in public accommodations and housing.

3. The state and its political subdivisions are prohibited from discriminating against employees or potential employees because of their political beliefs, with the exception of the personal staff of the legislative leadership and elected officials.

4. Retaliation against one who files a complaint, assists in processing it, or opposes unlawful discrimination is a misdemeanor. The Human Rights Commission is empowered to treat the retaliation as a separate complaint and take action to stop it.

5. Provisions apply to all Montana Employers.

Enforcement Agency:

Human Rights Commission Room 620 Power Block Helena, MT 59601

Maternity Leave Law (H.B. 9, passed in 1975) -J

Purpose: To protect a female employee's rights during pregnancy.

Provisions, Prohibits public or private employers from:

1. Firing a woman because of her pregnancy;

2. Refusing to grant a pregnant woman a reasonable leave of absence for her pregnancy;

3. Denying a woman compensation accrued by and due her under the employer's disability or leave plan, if she is disabled by her pregnancy.

4. Retaliating against an employee because she files a complaint under this law.

5. Requiring that an employee take a mandatory maternity leave for an unreasonable length of time.

...Note that all acts of discrimination against pregnant women may not clearly fit within these terms. However, discrimination because of pregnancy may constitute sex discrimination and be covered under the federal E.O. 11246 Act or Montana's Human Rights Act.

5/

-See Montana Dept. of Labor, Labor Standards Division, Montana Women and the Law,

1976, pp. 1-3

6/

- Ibid pp. 5-7

72

LAWS AFFECTING MONTANA WOMEN (Cont.)

Enforcement Agency:

Commissioner of Labor and Industry 1311 Helena Avenue Helena, MT 59601

Montana Code of Fair Practices (H.B.8) -I

Purpose: The Montana Code of Fair Practices is similar to E. 0.11246, with its provisions applying to state and local government funds only.

Provisions:

1. Includes a lO-point clause regulating discrimination in state and local employment, services, education and scholarships.

Enforcement Agency:

Human Rights Commission 620 Power Block Helena, MT 59601

CREDIT

Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1975) (Federal Law)

Purpose: To eliminate discrimination against any credit applicant on the basis of sex or marital status.

Provisions:

1. Provides a non-discriminatory framework for creditors to follow in determining an applicant's credit worthiness.

...Montana Human Rights Act also prohibits discrimination against any credit applicant.

Enforcement Agency:

Human Rights Commission 620 Power Block Helena, MT 59601

EDUCATION

Education Amendment of 1972 Title IX

Purpose: Forbids discrimination on the basis of sex to students and employees in all federally assisted education programs in all institutions, public and private, that receive federal monies through grants, loans, or contracts.

The Montana Code of Fair Practices prohibits discrimination in any government funded education or job training programs.

Enforcement Agency:

Department of Health, Education and Welfare Washington, D.C, 20201

OR Human Rights Commission 620 Power Block Helena, MT 59601

ll Ibid

LAWS AFFECTING MONTANA WOMEN (Cont.)

MARRIAGE

Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act -

Provisions:

1. No married person's separate property, income, or other fruits of his or her labor can be drawn upon to pay the debts of the spouse unless the debt was Incurred to provide necessary articles for either spouse or their children, or unless creditors had reason

to believe the separate property belonged to the spouse incurring the debt, it being in his or her sole possession.

2. Both husband and wife have a duty to support each other- either spouse may be called upon to pay child support.

3. Alimony technically no longer exists. (Note that previous law required that the wife commit no offense contributing to the marital breakdown in order to obtain alimony.)

4. As of January 1, 1976, there no longer are various grounds for divorce. Currently, the only reason for dissolution of a marriage in Montana is "irretrievable breakdown." This phrase eliminates fault of either marital partner.

DEATH

9/ Uniform Probate Code (Effective July 1, 1975) -

Purpose: To update laws and eliminate problem phrases regarding wills, inheritance and probate proceedings.

Provisions:

1. The UPC eliminated dower entirely and replaced it with a similar, yet more effective protection for both marriage partners.

2. The surviving spouse has the right to 1/3 of the "Augmented estate" if s/he so elects. Notice of intent to take this share

must be made "within 6 months of the date notice went out to creditors with claims on the estate, or within one year of the date of death, whichever occurs first. (91A-2-205)."

3. "Section 91A-2-301 of the UPC protects the spouse (male or female) unprovided for in a will made before the marriage. The omitted spouse will receive the same share of the estate he or she would have received had there been no will at all, unless the will shows that the omission was Intentional or the surviving spouse had been provided for by property tv-ansfers outside the will and the Intent of the deceased that the property take the place of a transfer by will is evident."

8/

- Information regarding the Uniform Divorce Act and various phrases were taken

from the Montana Department of Labor, Labor Standards Division, Montana Women and the Law. 1976, pp. 29-37

9/

Information and phraseology taken from Montana Department of Labor, Labor Standards Division, Montana Women and the Law, pp. 47-50

74

INFORMATION CENTERS FOR WOMEN IN MONTANA

Montana V/omen's Bureau 1/ 35 S. Last Cnance Gulch 202 Capitol Station Helena, MT 59601

The Montana Women's Bureau was established in July 1974 by the Montana Department of Labor & Industry. The purpose of the Women's Bureau is to help women in reaching their fullest possible potential through counseling and technical assistance. This agency is the most com- prehensive information center available to Montana women.

Their functions include:

1. Providing information and materials pertinent to women in Montana, including job-seeking information, laws affecting Montana women, pro- grams available to assist women in need, and help centers for specific needs and problems. (Copies of Montana Women and the Law and other reference materials may be obtained through this agency. )

2. Conducting career planning and job awareness workshops for women.

3. Counseling women in search of employment or wishing to file sex discrimination complaints.

4. Serving as the central permanent state agency for the planning, coordination and evaluation of employment programs and services for women.

1/ Information and certain phrases were taken from "Human Rights and ?tate Government," Montana Office of the Governor, and also "Montana Women's Bureau,'' Montana Department of Labor and Industry, Labor Standards Division.

Human Rights Bureau Room 620 Power Block Helena, MT 59601

The bureau is responsible for the enforcement of the Montana Human Rights Act. They investigate complaints to determine if unlawful discrimination (including sex discrimination) exists. If it does, they attempt to reach an informal settlement.

Note that the Montana Human Rights Act applies to all Montana Employers, regardless of size.

75

INFORMATION CENTERS FOR WOMEN IN MONTANA (Cont.)

Local Job Service Offices

There are 23 local offices in the state of Montana. They are set up to assist the unemployed in finding work.

Several programs are available to provide training and financial assistance to people in need. Three of these programs include:

1. CETA (Comprehensive Employment and Training Act), which provides

for classroom and on the job training for the economically disadvantaged, the unemployed, and the underemployed.

2. Job corps, which provides education and job training, and counseling services for the disadvantaged youths age 16 to 21,

3. WIN (Work Incentive Program) which is set up to provide a means of obtaining job training and employment for women who are receiving AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children.)

For more information contact the job service office in your area.

7fi

OUTLOOK

SECTION 8

77

OUTLOOK

If national and state trends continue as they have since the 1950's, women can look forward to an even qreater labor force participation rate and worklife expectancy. A declining birth rate, a rising cost of livim, chanqinq social ^^ttitudes and increasing convenience in the hone combine to increase the probability of female labor force parti- cipation. Along v/ith this comes the realization that women must prepare for a suitable career. Informative counselinq is needed in schools, enploynent offices and women's groups to insure that women will be exposed to the large variety of careers available to them. The possi- bility of training women for male-dominated careers such as carpentry, plumbing, mechanics, masonry, welding, etc. should be pointed out in order to provide a wider range of career choices for women who work.

Female awareness is the main stepping stone to preparing for the future. Organized efforts in such areas as, 1) information distribution and research, 2) child care, 3) career counseling, 4) education and training, 5) mental and physical health, 'v'ill increase that awareness and prove beneficial to both homenakers and career women. The key to a bright future for women is themselves. Their involvement and efforts will help make up the world of tomorrow.

78

REFERENCES

"Analysis of Women in Policy Positions in State novernment," Montana Office of the Governor, Interdepartmental Coordinating Committee for Women, September

1977.

"Human Rights and State Government," Montana Office of the Governor, October 1975.

"J E C Hearing Studies flassive Entry of Women Into Labor Market," Notes from the Joint Economic Committee, Volumee III No. 23, Washington D.C.: vioint hcD- nomic Committee Publications Department, October 7, 1977.

Montana Department of Labor, Labor Standards Division, Women's Bureau. Montana Women and the Law, April, 1976.

Montana State Unviersity, Department of Mathematics. Women's Attitude Survey, November 1977.

'Montana Women's Bureau," Montana Department of Labor & Industry, Labor Standards Division

Scientific Manpower Commission. Professional Women and Minorities, October 1976.

"Suddenly, A New Shortage of Secretaries," Business Week August 8, 1977, pp. 84-

85.

"Twenty Facts About Women Workers," Helena, MT: Montana Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, June 1974.

U. S. Department of Health, Eduation & Welfare, Education Division, National Center for Educational Statistics. Earned Degrees Conferred, 1969-72, 1972-75 (five volumes), Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

- - - - -Earned Degrees Conferred: Analysis of Trends. 1965-66 through 1974- 75. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing office, 1977.

U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. Women and Work, R. & D Monograph 46, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.

U.S. Department of Labor, Employment Standards Administration, Women's Bureau. Careers For Women in the 70' s, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1973..

- - - - The Earnings Gap Between Women and Men, Washington D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1976.

- - - - Mature Women Workers: A Profile, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976.

- - - - Minority Women Workers: A Statistical Overview, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977 (Revised).

- - - - Working Mothers and Their Children, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.

79

REFERENCES (cont.)

- - - - A Working Woman's Guide To Her Job Rights, Leaflet 55, Washington D. C; U. S. Government Printing office, revised 197b.

U.S. Department of Labor, Manpower Administration. Womenpower, Vol. 7 No. 11, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975.

- - - - Women in Apprenticeship - Why Not?, Manpower Research Monograph No. 33 Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974,

Zion, R.B. The Legal Status of Homemakers in Montana, National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, November 1976.

80

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