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iNew species of Chrysopinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from Costa Rica, with selected taxonomic notes and a neotype designation
A new species of ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from north Florida M. Deyrup, D. Lubertazzi
A review of the Hybomitra sonomensis group (Diptera: Tabanidae) in western No. America, with emphasis on geographic variation in adult Hybomitra phaenops John F. Burger
New data on Palearctic Aphthona (Coleoptera: Chryso- melidae) with description of a new species: taxonomic and faunistic results of biological control exploration A.S. Konstantinov, M.G. Volkovitsh, M. Cristofaro
A new species of Anasa (Hemiptera: Coreidae) from the Dominican Republic Harry Brailovsky
On the identity of Otiorhynchus sayi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Richard T. Thompson
A new species of Dicentroptilum (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Kenya C.R. Lugo-Ortiz, W.P. McCafferty
Nunavut mayflies (Ephemeroptera): a supplement for far northern No. America R.P. Randolph, W.P. McCafferty
New records of milliped family Pyrgodesmidae (Poly- desmida) from southeastern United States, with a summary of the fauna R.M. Shelley, S.1. Golovatch
First isolation of a Spiroplasma (Mollicutes: Spiro- plasmataceae) from biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) M.F. Frana, G.E. Gasparich, W.L. Grogan, Jr.
SCIENTIFIC NOTE:
Observations on the breeding behavior of the spider Glenognatha heleios (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) R.L. Edwards, C.W. Senske
BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED
Norman D.Penny 1
15
22
Jl
42
49
a 48
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Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 ]
NEW SPECIES OF CHRYSOPINAE (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) FROM COSTA RICA, WITH SELECTED TAXONOMIC NOTES AND A NEOTYPE DESIGNATION!
Norman D. Penny2
ABSTRACT: Three new species are described: Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) crassipennis from 3 km SE of Rio Naranjo, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica; Leucochrysa (Nodita) amistadensis from Parque Nacional La Amistad, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica; and Leucochrysa (Nodita) ratcliffei from Pandora, Lim6n Province, Costa Rica. The new name Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) adamsi is proposed for the junior secondary homonym Leucochrysa navasi Banks, 1941 [nec. Leucochrysa navasi (Kimmins, 1940)]. A neotype is designated for a species of Costa Rican Chrysopinae — Leucochrysa (Nodita) indiga. Redescriptions are presented for Leuco- chrysa (Nodita) indiga and Leucochrysa (Nodita) maculata.
As part of a plan to inventory all plant and animal species of Costa Rica (Yoon, 1993), a project was undertaken to develop a monograph of the Neuroptera of this country. Intensive collection of Neuroptera in Costa Rica in recent years by many researchers and parataxonomists has yielded large num- bers of chrysopine chrysopids. Among the collected specimens are three spe- cies which were previously unknown and are described below. Nomenclatural problems have been noted for several other species. Leucochrysa (Nodita) navasi Banks, 1941 is a junior homonym. The types of six chrysopid species described by Navas (1928) have been destroyed. In preparation for a mono- graph of the Chrysopidae of Costa Rica, a neotype is designated here for one of these species and two of them are redescribed.
Materials and Methods: The apical part of the abdomen of selected speci- mens was broken off with fine forceps and macerated in 10% KOH, stained in Chlorazol Black E, and preserved in a glycerin-filled microvial pinned be- neath the rest of the specimen. Wing tracings were made with a microprojec- tor from temporary wing mounts on microscope slides. Following illustration, wings were glued to cards pinned beneath the appropriate specimen. Body and genitalic drawings were made with the aid of dissecting or compound micro- scopes with camera lucida attachments. Morphological terminology follows Brooks and Barnard (1990).
1 Received March 9, 2000. Accepted May 22, 2000.
2 Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118.
ENT. NEWS 112(1): 1-14, January & February, 2001
ET — Ie ; =,
2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
NEW SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) crassipennis Penny, NEW SPECIES (Figures 1-6)
HOLOTYPE: a male, “COSTA RICA: Guan., 3 km SE Rio Naranjo, 22-25 Jan 1993, F.D. Parker.” Type deposited in Instituto de Biodiversidad (INBio), Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica. Type locality: 3 km SE of Rio Naranjo, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. Additional material examined: (all paratypes): COSTA RICA: Guanacaste Province, 3 km SE Rio Naranjo, F.D. Parker, 39 males, 67 females; specimens collected in all months except October and November; 14 km S Camas, F.D. Parker, 1 female collected in June. Paratypes deposited in collections of Utah State University (USU), California Academy of Sciences (CAS), INBio, Texas A. & M. University and U.S. National Museum of Natural History.
Diagnosis: The most distinctive feature of this species is the distinctly swol- len (incrassate) radial sector vein of the male forewing. Incrassate wing veins are also found in Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) crassinervis, but this species lacks the red head markings of C. (N.) crassipennis. Another species which often has swollen wing veins is Chrysopodes parishi (Banks), but members of this species have pale maxillary palpi, divergent gradate series, and males with a massive gonarcus. Chrysopodes (N.) crassinervis has dark palpi, parallel gradate series, and relatively thin gonarcus medial arch.
Chrysopodes (N.) crassipennis n.sp., Chrysopodes (N.) collaris (Schneider) and Chrysopodes (N.) divisa (Walker) adults share a double red band on the frons which is interrupted medially . However, C. collaris adults are much more robust, (i.e., pronotum wider than long) with green rather than dark fore- wing crossveins. The head, wing, and male genitalia are very similar in C. crassipennis and C. divisa, but C. crassipennis lacks the two ventral projec- tions of the dorsal apodeme of the male ectoproct, that are present in C. divisa, and males of both C. divisa and C. collaris lack incrassate forewing veins.
Head: Clypeus, labrum, labial palpi, and medial part of frons and vertex pale green. Maxillary palpi dark laterally; pale medially and at apex of terminal segment. Genae red. Additional red markings include two short parallel bands from gena and below antennal bases (Fig. 2), as well as along margins of compund eyes on vertex. Subantennal bands fuse medially in some indi- viduals. Antennal scape, pedicel and flagellum entirely pale green. Mandibles asymmetrical with basal tooth on left mandible.
Thorax: Pronotum creamy yellow medially and pale green laterally, with red markings on vertex extended onto antero-lateral margins of pronotum (Fig. 3). Meso- and metanota pale green, without markings. Legs entirely pale green. Tarsal claw apically sharply bent at 90° and base quadrate. Wings: forewing length — 10.8 to 11.2 mm. Forewing (Fig. 1) with longitudinal veins pale green. Radial and gradate crossveins dark, with gradates darkly margined on mem- brane. Five to six inner and outer gradate crossveins in parallel series. Costal and m-cu crossveins pale in some individuals, dark in others. Radial sector of males strongly incrassate, while cos- tal, radial and medial crossveins less so. Intramedian cell ovate. Wing membrane clear, without dark markings, except along margins of gradate veins. Hindwing veins entirely pale green without dark markings on membrane; apex pointed; five inner and outer gradate veins.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 3
Abdomen: Pale green with rusty red coloration around spiracles and extending onto lateral margins of tergites. Male ectoprocts evenly rounded apically, extended slightly beyond apex of sternite 9; ventro-medial projection and dorsal apodeme of ectoproct absent (Fig. 4). Gonarcus strongly arched, with narrow medial portion and broad lateral arms (Fig. 6). Arcessus with microsetae, tapered to single, simple, medial point. Gonosaccus with gonosetal fields on either side of mid-line (Fig. 5), but not meeting medially.
Name derivation: The name refers to the swollen radial sector veins of the male forewing.
Figures 1-6. Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) crassipennis. Fig. 1. Fore and hindwings; Fig. 2. Head in frontal view; Fig. 3, head, thorax, and anterior abdomen in dorsal view; Fig. 4, apex of male abdomen in lateral view; Fig. 5, male genitalia in lateral view; Fig. 6, male genitalia in dorsal view.
4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Leucochrysa (Nodita) amistadensis Penny, NEW SPECIES (Figures 7-12)
HOLOTYPE, a male, deposited in INBio, labelled: “COSTA RICA: Puntarenas, La Amistad Nat. Park, 08°57’N, 82°50’W, 28 Feb. 1991, 1500 m, Norman D. Penny.” Type locality: Parque Nacional La Amistad, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica.
Additional Material Examined: one male (paratype): COSTA RICA, Puntarenas Province, Parque Nacional La Amistad (08°58’N, 82°50’W), 21 February 1991, 1600 m, N.D. Penny (CAS).
Diagnosis: This species belongs to a group having the following suite of char- acteristics: gena red, but frons pale green, without transverse band linking the genal marks; maxillary palpi dark laterally; antennae pale, with reddish-brown lateral scape stripe; pronotum with lateral red stripe; hindwing pale apically; male gonarcus with broad lateral arms and a pair of elongate parasagittal gonocoru. Adults of Leucochrysa (Nodita) amistadensis differ from those of the closely related L. (N.) caucella Banks in lacking spots on the mesoscutum. Adults of both species have the meso- and metascutella dark laterally.
Head: Frons, labrum, clypeus, labial palps and vertex pale green. Genae and maxillary palpi dark reddish-brown (Fig. 10). Antennae pale green, with a dark reddish-brown, lateral stripe on scape and pedicel.
Thorax: Pronotum pale green with narrow, dark reddish-brown stripe wider at mid-length (Fig. 11). Meso- and metanota pale green with small dark spots laterally on meso- and metascutella. Pleural areas white. Forewing: (Fig. 7) length = 14.3 mm to 17.0 mm (holotype 14.3 mm). Longitudinal and crossveins pale green, except apex of costal crossveins, origin of radial sector, basal radial crossveins, gradate crossveins, pterostigma and apical twiggings dark. Nine inner gradates not extended far basally, eight outer gradates, with one or two extra gradates of an intermediate series in some individuals. Hindwing pale green, except for dark pterostigma. Wing apex rounded, not darkened.
Abdomen: pale green, with segmental dark markings; tergite 2 with dark reddish-brown lateral stripe; tergites 3 to 9 with dark reddish-brown mark at postero-lateral corner; apex of ectoproct with dark reddish-brown mark (Fig. 12). Male gonarcus with thin, rounded lateral arms (Fig. 9); gonocornu as long as gonarcus, only slightly arched apically and convergent apicomedially (Fig. 8); mediuncus a single medial point with ventral, elongate narrow gonosaccus.
Name Derivation: The name refers to the national park in southern Costa Rica where the type series was collected.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 5
Figures 7-12. Leucochrysa (Nodita) amistadensis. Fig. 7, Fore and hindwings; Fig. 8, male genitalia in dorsal view; Fig. 9, male genitalia in lateral view; Fig. 10, head in frontal view;
Fig. 11, head, thorax and anterior abdomen in dorsal view; Fig. 12, apex of male abdomen in lateral view.
6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Leucochrysa (Nodita) ratcliffei Penny, NEW SPECIES (Figures 13-18)
HOLOTYPE, a male deposited in INBio, labelled: “COSTA RICA: Limon, Pandora, 24 Sept. 1990, Norman D. Penny.” Type locality: Pandora, Lim6n Province, Costa Rica.
Additional Material Examined: | male, 2 females (CAS) (all paratypes): same data as holo- type.
Diagnosis: Adults of this species, Leucochrysa (Nodita) lenora (Banks) and Leucochrysa (Nodita) maculata (Navas) share a chevron-shaped dark mark behind the antennal bases, red dorsal stripe on antennal scape, pale antennae, pale palpi and dark markings on the frons. However, L. (N.) ratcliffei adults are not darkened along the first few flagellar segments and markings of the frons below the antennae are reduced to two reddish-brown spots near the eyes and not medially continuous, as in the other two species. Additionally, L (N.) maculata adults have darkened basal segments of the antennal flagellum. Males of L. (N.) forcipata Penny and L. (N.) ratcliffei are similar in having a stout, two-pronged gonocornu on either side of the gonarcus of the genitalia. However, the cleft between the prongs is much deeper in L. (N.) forcipata males and the mediuncus is much more elongate. Non-genitalic differences include no stripe on the scape and no dark genal mark and spots on the mesoscutum in L. (N.) forcipata.
Head: Frons, gena, labrum, clypeus, and palpi pale yellow; reddish-brown spot on either side of frons above gena and below antennal base (Fig. 14). Vertex green, rugose; bearing chevron- shaped reddish-brown mark behind antennal bases in some individuals. Antennal scape pale yellow ventrally (reddish at base in some individuals) and pale yellow dorsally with reddish- brown longitudinal stripe at dorso-lateral margin or over entire dorsal surface at apex of scape; pedicel and flagellomeres pale green, without markings; flagellum longer than forewing length. Thorax: Pronotum pale green with small reddish-brown spot at anterolateral margin (Fig. 15). Mesoscutum green medially and reddish-brown laterally; reddish-brown markings contiguous as arc at anterior margin of scutum in some individuals. Meso- and metascutella and metascutum green, without markings. Forewing: (Fig. 13) length — 11.6 to 13.0 mm. Longitudinal veins pale green; costal and radial crossveins dark at vein intersections; gradates and medial crossveins (to last inner gradate in some individuals), apical medial crossvein, some apical forks, and pterostigma dark. Five to six inner gradates, five to six outer gradates not parallel. Hindwing: pale green without dark markings, except anterior part of pterostigma dark brown; wing apex pointed, pale. Legs pale green. Tarsal claw with sharply broadened base with seta at apex of basal flange.
Abdomen: Pale green, with tergites 3 and 7 covered by reddish-brown spots. Male ectoproct extended slightly beyond sternite 9 (Fig. 16); sternite 9 with microtholi. Dorsal apodeme very weakly developed. Gonarcus broad, weakly arched; with broad lateral arms. Gonocornu each apically two-pronged (Fig. 18) with shallow indentation between them. Mediuncus short, tri- partite, with rugose area lateral to non-decurved, apical point (Fig. 17).
Name Derivation: This species is named for Dr. Brett C. Ratcliffe, a scarab specialist from the University of Nebraska. He not only has shown an interest in Neuroptera systematics over a 25 year period and gone out of his way to collect chrysopids while light trapping on field trips, but organized the field trip which allowed the author to collect the type series of this species.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 7
Or hert, att are yey pire EO eo, CE ee ~ a | AN
Si ee } Se NR eh
Figures 13-18. Leucochrysa (Nodita) ratcliffei. Fig. 13, Fore and hindwings; Fig. 14, head in frontal view; Fig. 15, head, thorax, and anterior abdomen in dorsal view; Fig. 16, apex of male abdomen in lateral view; Fig. 17, male genitalia in lateral view; Fig. 18, male genitalia in dorsal view. gc = gonocornu, gs = gonarcus, gsac = gonosaccus, mu = mediuncus.
Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) adamsi Penny, NOM. NOV.
I propose the new replacement name (nomen novum) Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) adamsi for the preoccupied name Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) navasi Banks, 1941 (itself a replacement name for Leucochrysa antennata Navas, 1921 [from Cuba], nec. Leucochrysa antennata Banks, 1905 [from Mexico]), which is a junior secondary homonym of Leucochrysa (Nodita) navasi (Kimmins, 1940) (Nodita navasi Kimmins being a replacement name for Leucochrysa alternata Navas, 1914 [from Costa Rica], nec. Leucochrysa alternata Navas, 1913 [from Mexico]). The new name is dedicated to Phillip A. Adams, the recently deceased expert on Neotropical chrysopids.
8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
TAXONOMIC NOTES AND NEOTY PE DESIGNATION
Navas (1928) described six new species of Chrysopidae from Costa Rica: Ancylochrysa nevermanni, Chrysopa binaria, Meleoma titschacki, Nodita indiga, Nodita maculata and Nodita nevermanni. The types of all of these species were destroyed in the World War II bombing of the Hamburg Museum in July of 1943. Tauber (1969) designated a neotype for Meleoma titschacki and Adams (1982) for Chrysopa binaria.
Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes) nevermanni (Navas)
Navas (1928) described the genus Ancylochrysa for a new species (neéver- manni) from Costa Rica. Adams and Penny (1987) synonymized Ancylochrysa with Chrysopodes (Chrysopodes). Navas’ original description was very brief, but the species (and genus) were differentiated from other related species by the sinuous curves of the costal crossveins and the inner gradate series. Navas’ drawing (1928, Fig. 15) of the forewing shows two additional distinctive char- acters: a quadrate intramedian cell and the first outer gradate vein lying at nearly a right angle to the pseudomedius vein (the latter trait being a defining characteristic of the tribe Chrysopini). Within the tribe Chrysopini in Central America only Chrysopodes has a broad costal area with sinuous crossveins. Only two species of Chrysopodes with a quadrate intramedian vein has been collected in Costa Rica. One species, from Guanacaste Province, has exten- sive reddish-brown markings on frons and vertex, and straight, parallel rows of gradate crossveins. The second species, has completely pale frons and ver- tex, as well as completely pale antennae, and the forewing gradate series are arched and not parallel. The second species fits the brief original description of Chrysopodes nevermanni much closer, and, not surprisingly, the only two additional known specimens of Chrysopodes nevermanni were both collected in Lim6n Province, about 90 km southeast of the type locality. Because Navas’ (1928) original description does appear to describe the second species better, and because presently only females of this species are available, I have chosen to not designate a neotype for Chrysopodes nevermanni at this time.
Ceraeochrysa arioles (Banks)
The name Chrysopa binaria was first proposed by Navas (1923) for a species from Argentina, which today is considered a valid species in the genus Ungla. Navas used the name Chrysopa binaria again in 1928 in describing a species from Costa Rica. Banks (1944), recognizing the resulting homonymy, proposed the new name Chrysopa arioles. In 1945, Banks declared Chrysopa arioles the replacement name for C. binaria Navas (1928) for a second time.
The description of Chrysopa binaria Navas (1928) includes an illustra- tion of the head and pronotum in dorsal view. Clearly visible are two dark
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 9
stripes on the dorsal surface of the scape. Also illustrated are thin, dark lateral stripes on the pronotum. The type locality is “San José de Costa Rica.” There are three known species of Ceraeochrysa from this region which can have this distinctive double scape stripe and dark lateral pronotal stripe: Ceraeochrysa arioles, cincta, and claveri. Ceraeochrysa claveri has a dark antenna flagel- lum while the other two species have pale antennae. Unfortunately, the col- oration of the antennal flagellum is not mentioned in the original description nor shown in the drawing. Other characters mentioned in the original descrip- tion are not adequate to differentiate the species.
Adams (1982) chose to follow Banks’ (1944, 1945) interpretation of the species by selecting one of Banks’ specimens as explicit neotype. It is from “Vergel, Chiapas/13-V-35/light, “Mexico, A. Dampf”.
Leucochrysa (Nodita) indiga Navas (Figures 19-24)
NEOTYPE, here designated, a male deposited in INBio, labelled: “COSTA RICA: Ala, 20 km S Upsala, 12 Feb 1991, F.D. Parker.” Type locality: 20 kilometers south of Upsala, Alajuela Province, Costa Rica.
Additional Material Examined: same data as neotype, except 28 October 1990, (1 female, INBIO); same data as neotype, except 29 January 1991, (1 male, CAS); 25 December 1990, (1 male, USU); 5 February 1991, (1 female, USU).
Diagnosis: The combination of characteristics of prontoum with lateral stripe expanded at mid-length, maxillary palpi dark, and hindwing with darkened apex places this species close to Leucochrysa (Nodita) apicata, L. (N.) askanes, and L. (N.) postica. Among these four species several other character states also are shared and the species are clearly closely related. However, Leucochrysa (Nodita) indiga can be easily separated from these related spe- cies by the male genitalia lacking the dorsal horn of the gonarcus and small, unipartite arcessus. Eidonomic characteristics which may be used with great caution are the lack of dark markings on abdominal tergite 3, and lack of dark margining of the forewing inner gradate veins.
Redescription:
Head: Frons white dorsally with reddish-brown transverse band ventrally from gena to gena (Fig. 20). Gena reddish-brown. Clypeus and labrum pale yellow. Maxillary palpi black, except apical 1/3 of apical segment pale. Labial palpi pale yellow. Vertex pale green, except small reddish-brown spot behind each antenna. Antennae pale yellow, except dorsal surface of scape reddish-brown; pedicel and first flagellar segment black; flagellum longer than forewing. Thorax: Pronotum green with lateral, longitudinal reddish-brown stripe widened at mid-length (Fig. 21). Meso- and metanota pale green with thin reddish-brown transverse mark at anterior margin of mesonotum and also on mesoscutum at base of mesothoracic wings in some indi- viduals. Pleural areas pale yellow, without markings but with numerous microtrichiae. Wings: Forewing length 13.5 — 14.0 mm. Longitudinal veins pale green; crossveins dark, ex- cept in discal area pale. Basal half of pterostigma heavily darkened. Wing membrane infuscated at origin of radial sector, in apical 1/3 of radial sector and along outer gradate veins. Six inner
10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
gradates and seven outer gradate veins. Costal and anal margins at wing base darkened. Hindwing veins pale green, except basal half of pterostigma, apical 1/3 of radial sector and apical forks along anal margin dark. Wing with apex pointed and darkened (Fig. 19). Abdomen: Pale green with quadrate dark marks on tergites 4 and 7 (Fig. 22). Ectoproct apically rounded, without lobes; dorsal apodeme apically branched, extended to callus cerci. Male gonarcus broad, only slightly arched, with broad, ovate lateral arms (Fig. 23); inner margin of lateral arms formed as a caudo-laterally directed ridge. Arcessus propor- tionately very small, formed as a single medial point from triangular base (Fig. 24). Dorsal horns and endoprocesses absent. Gonosaccus without gonosetae or gonocristae.
Notes: The original description of Nodita indiga Navas, 1928 provided few characters that are useful for identification. However, one distinctive charac- teristic shown on the illustration accompanying the description is a lateral pronotal stripe, which is wider in the posterior half (Fig. 21). There are several closely related Costa Rican species with this characteristic pronotal stripe: Leucochrysa (N.) amistadensis n. sp., Leucochrysa (N.) askanes (Banks, 1946), Leucochrysa (N.) caucella Banks (1910), Leucochrysa (N.) postica (Navas, 1913) and one unnamed species. Of these, Leucochrysa (N.) amistadensis and N. caucella lack the mesonotal dark markings and the dark first three flagellar segments and have more gradate crossveins than mentioned in Navas’ original description. The other three species appear to form a compact group sharing the following characteristics, some of which were noted by Navas (1928): dark maxillary palpi, a dark transverse band on the frons from gena to gena (Fig. 20), dark first three antennal flagellomeres, antennal scape with a dark dorso-lateral stripe and reddish suffusion over most of the rest of the dorsal surface, a distinctive lateral pronotal stripe that is expanded caudally, a dark arc on the anterior and lateral part of the mesonotum, forewing costa dark at its base, a dark region of longitudinal and crossveins in the apical 1/3 of the radius; much dark margining of membranes along crossveins and apical forks, about six inner gradate crossveins (Fig. 19), dark tip to the hindwing, and dark spots on abdominal tergites 4 and 7 (Fig. 22).
These three species have different male genital armature (Figs. 23, 24), but few eidonomic characters. Navas’ original illustration includes a small dark spot on the vertex. This spot can be seen in many specimens of Leucochrysa (N.) askanes and the unnamed species, but not in Leucochrysa (N.) postica. Leucochrysa (N.) postica also has heavy margining of the inner gradate series, which is much reduced in or absent from the other two species, and not men- tioned by Navas. Hence, the name Leucochrysa (N.) indiga could apply equally well to either Leucochrysa (N.) askanes or the undescribed species. Rather than add a new name to the literature, I prefer to conserve the names Leucochrysa (N.) indiga and Leucochrysa (N.) askanes by selecting a speci- men of the undescribed species as neotype of Leucochrysa (N.) indiga. The locality at which this neotype was collected is approximately 180 km north- west of the original type locality (ICZN Article 75.3.6).
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 fl
Figures 19-24. Leucochrysa (Nodita) indiga. Fig. 19, Fore and hindwings; Fig. 20, head in frontal view; Fig. 21, head, thorax and anterior abdomen in dorsal view; Fig. 22, apex of male abdomen in lateral view; Fig. 23, male genitalia in lateral view; Fig. 24, male genitalia in dorsal view.
Leucochrysa (Nodita) maculata (Navas, 1928) (Figures 25-30)
Navas’ (1928) original description and illustration addressed some of the features of Leucochrysa (N.) maculata adults. Frons with a dark transverse band below the antennal bases; palpi pale; antennal scape with a dark line on the lateral surface, first five flagellar segments dark on the mesal surface, re- mainder of the flagellum pale; a v-shaped mark on the vertex; a thin, dark line laterally on the pronotum; and dark spots on abdominal segments 4, 6, 7, and 8. Although the original description and illustration are woefully inadequate
12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
to identify this species in many respects, a neotype is probably not needed. Few species of Leucochrysa (Nodita) have a complete dark band across the frons and the dark stripe extending the length of the pronotum will distinguish Leucochrysa (Nodita) maculata from the closely related Leucochrysa (Nodita) lenora. However, a redescription is presented here.
Redescription: Based on 1 male, 2 females deposited in CAS.
Head: Frons pale yellow with transverse reddish-brown band between compound eyes below antennal bases (Fig 26). Clypeus, labrum and palpi pale yellow. Vertex pale green with red- dish-brown V-shaped mark posterior to antennal bases. Antennal scape pale green with lateral reddish-brown longitudinal stripe; scape and first 5-10 flagellomeres dark brown, shaded to pale green on apica! segments; about 86 flagellomeres, each with four whirls of dark setae. Thorax: Pronotum pale green with longitudinal lateral reddish-brown stripe (Fig. 27). Meso- and metanotum moitled brown and green to completely dark brown in mature indiv:duals, but metascutellum dark brown in all individuals. Pleural area creamy yellow to white.
Legs: Pale green; tarsi golden yellow; tarsal claws dark brown; tarsal claws abruptly broadened basally.
Wings: Forewing length 14.0-16.0 mm. Forewing membrane without markings, except proxi- mal part of pterostigma dark. All longitudinal veins green; gradate, radial and cubital crossveins dark, all others pale green. Six inner and six to eight outer gradate crossveins (Fig. 25). Hindwing pale green, without markings, including apex of wing. Six inner and six outer gradate crossveins.
Abdomen: Pale green with sparse long pale setae and large reddish-brown spots on tergites 4, 6, 7 anc 8 (Fig. 28). Eighth sternum with microtholi. Male ectoproct extended slightly beyond sternite 9. Dorsal apodeme of ectoproct branched around anterior margin of callus cerci. Male gonarcus broad, only slightly arched, with broad lateral arms (Fig. 29). Arcessus apically tripartite with no declination of medial prong (Fig. 30). Gonosaccus without gonosetae or gonocristae.
Remarks: The combination of character states of pale palpi, transverse dark band on frons, pale antennal flagellum which is dark basally; dorsal dark scape stripe and chevron-shaped dark marking on vertex behind antennae all ally this species to Leucochrysa (Nodita) lenora (Banks, 1944). However, Leucochrysa (N.) lenora has extensive dark margining of wing crossveins and the lateral pronotal mark is restricted to a short red spot, while L. maculata has no margining of wing crossveins and the lateral pronotal mark is a more elon- gate brown stripe.
Leucochrysa (Nodita) palliceps (McLachlan, 1867) = Leucochrysa (Nodita) nevermanni Navas, 1928, NEW SYNON YMY
The description and illustration of Nodita nevermanni leave little doubt that this is a synonym of Leucochrysa (N.) palliceps (McLachlan, 1867). The combination of entirely dark frons, completely pale pronotum, and extensive pigmentation of crossveins below the pterostigma will immediately identify individuals of this distinctive species. More problematical is its generic place- ment. The character states mentioned above are those often associated with Gonzaga Navas, 1913. A fourth characteristic of Gonzaga is a quadrate
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 13
Sa a =~ 2 9 sae foe ;
TN aa
Figures 25-30. Leucochrysa (Nodita) maculata. Fig. 25, Fore and hindwings; Fig. 26, head in frontal view; Fig. 27, head, thorax and anterior abdomen in dorsal view; Fig. 28, apex of male abdomen in lateral view; Fig. 29, male genitalia in lateral view; Fig. 30, male genitalia in dorsal view.
intramedian cell. Some specimens of Leucochrysa (N.) palliceps have an elon- gate triangular intramedian cell while in others this cell is quadrate. I have examined one specimen with left wings having a triangular and right wings having a quadrangular shape. However, in the vast majority of specimens the intramedian cell is triangular.
Brooks and Barnard (1990) used three additional male genitalic charac- teristics to help define Gonzaga: 1) males bear a ventral lobe of the ectoproct, 2) the arcessus is narrow, and 3) the arcessus is apically striated. This defini- tion of Gonzaga describes the type species and several probable synonyms, but does not encompass all species now placed in the genus: for example, Gonzaga nigriceps. Leucochrysa (Nodita) palliceps seems to form a transition between Nodita Navas (1916) and Gonzaga, but the presence of a triangular intramedian cell in this species may indicate that Gonzaga does not form a monophyletic clade. Until a cladistic analysis can be done for the Leucochrysini it would seem more prudent to leave the species palliceps within the subgenus Leucochrysa (Nodita).
14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
I thank Virginia Kirsch for the wing, head and thorax illustrations of Chrysopodes crassipennis, David H. Kavanaugh and Sergio de Freitas for reviewing an early draft of this manuscript, John D. Oswald for reviewing a later draft of the manuscript, and the California Academy of Sciences In-House Research Fund for illustrative assistance.
LITERATURE CITED
Adams, P.A. and N.D. Penny. 1987. Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin. Part 11a. Introduction and Chrysopini. Acta Amazonica 15:413-479. 213 + 29 figures. 1 table.
Banks, N. 1905. Descriptions of new Nearctic neuropteroid insects. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 32:1-20. 2 plates with 27 figures.
Banks, N. 1941. New neuropteroid insects from the Antilles. Mems Soc. cub. Hist. nat. ‘Felipe Poey’ 15:385-402. 3 plates with 37 figures.
Banks, N. 1944. Neuroptera of northern South America. Part III. Chrysopidae. Bol. Entomol. Venez. 3:1-34. No figures.
Banks, N. 1945. A review of the Chrysopidae (Nothochrysidae) of Central America. Psyche, Camb. 52:139-174. No figures.
Banks, N. 1948. Chrysopidae (Nothochrysidae) collected in Mexico by Dr. A. Dampf (Neuroptera). Psyche, Camb. 55:151-177. 3 plates with 37 figures.
Brooks, S.J. and P.C. Barnard. 1990. The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 59:117-286. 578 figures. 1 table.
Kimmins, D.E. 1940. Notes on some types of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) in the British Mu- seum Collections. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (11)5:442-449. No figures.
Navas, L. 1913. Les Chrysopides (Ins. Névr.) du Musée de Londres [Ia]. Annls Soc. scient. Brux. 37(pt. 2):292-330. 19 figures.
Navas, L. 1914. Les Chrysopides (Ins. Névr.) du Musée de Londres [Ib]. Annls Soc. scient. Brux. 38(pt. 2):73-114. 15 figures.
Navas, L. 1921. Insectos Americanos nuevos 0 criticos. Brotéria (Zoologica) 19:113-124. 5 figures.
Navas, L. 1928. Insectos del Museo de Hamburgo. Primera [I] serie. Bol. Soc. ent. Esp. 11:59- 67, 90-100, 121-138 [Errata: 11:165]. 3, 6 and 10 figures.
Yoon, C.K. 1993. Counting Creatures Great and Small. Science 260:620-622.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 15
A NEW SPECIES OF ANT (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) FROM NORTH FLORIDA!
Mark. Deyrup2, David Lubertazzi3
ABSTRACT: A new species of dacetine ant, Pyramica apalachicolensis, is described. Speci- mens were found in poorly drained, fire-maintained flatwoods with an open canopy of large pines and dense herbaceous ground cover in the Apalachicola National Forest of Florida. Diag- nostic features of the species are the cuneiform head, the conspicuous mandibular diastema, and the long, fine, sparse, suberect, slightly recurved clypeal hairs. It is generally similar to several of the other 26 species of Pyramica native to southeastern North America.
The genus Pyramica includes 26 described native species in southeastern North America, which is apparently a center of distribution of Arctotertiary elements of the genus (Deyrup and Cover 1998). It is the most speciose genus of southeastern ants, but the small size (workers are about 2mm in length) and cryptic habits of the species guarantee their obscurity. There is no satisfactory way to survey for these ants: they can be found by minutely examining leaf litter, or by extraction with a Berlese funnel or a similar device, but processing large quantities of leaf litter in these ways is a laborious process. Scarce spe- cies and those that occur in some unknown special microhabitat are likely to be overlooked. The species described below may be a good example of a spe- cies that has escaped notice by occurring in an unlikely habitat. It was discov- ered during a study of ant assemblages in low pine flatwoods, a habitat that is prone to both fire and flooding, phenomena inimical to most litter-inhabiting ants. Two specimens were found in pitfall traps, and an intensive search of the area around these pitfall traps yielded a nest with 332 individuals.
For a formal diagnosis of the genus Pyramica and the reasons for placing the genus Smithistruma in synonymy with Pyramica see Bolton 1999. For a key to the genera of Nearctic ants, see Hélldobler and Wilson (1990); in this key most members of the genus Pyramica will key out to Smithistruma.
Pyramica apalachicolensis Deyrup and Lubertazzi, NEW SPECIES
Diagnosis. Distinguished from all other Nearctic Pyramica by the following combination of character states: head with preocular laminae convergent dis- tally, so head in frontal view roughly cuneiform; mandibles with a conspicu- ous diastema between the triangular basal tooth and the subapical series of teeth; marginal and discal hairs of clypeus sparse, long, filiform, slightly re- curved.
1 Received March 28, 2000. Accepted June 12, 2000.
2 Archbold Biological Station, P.O. Box 2057, Lake Placid, FL 33862.
3 University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Rd., U-43, Storrs, CT 06269-3043. ENT. NEWS 112(1): 15-21, January & February, 2001
16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Description. Holotype worker. Measurements in mm: total length: 2.11; head length: 0.65, maximum head width: 0.33; length of mesosoma: 0.53.
Features described below as in Fig. 1. Head in frontal view with preocular laminae conver- gent distally and clypeus narrow, so head in frontal view roughly cuneiform. Mandibular di- astema conspicuous at full closure; mandibular apices strongly decurved in lateral view; man- dible (as in Fig. 2) with a triangular basal tooth, two large subequal subapical teeth, followed by two teeth about one half the length of the first pair, followed by an indistinct series of vestigial teeth. Clypeus about as long as wide, finely reticulate, with sparse erect, somewhat recurved filiform hairs in marginal, submarginal, antesubmarginal series, each hair rising from a small tubercle. Antennal scapes with proclinate, curved, unmodified hairs. Frontal and oc- cipital areas with suberect curved hairs that appear in lateral view similar in length and type to those on the clypeus; a pair of long, irregularly curved, filiform hairs on the edge of the anten- nal scrobe above the eyes, on the sides of the occipital lobes, and on the tops of the occipital lobes. Head and body without any spatulate or spoon-shaped hairs, though the larger, proclinate,
Figure 1. Pyramica apalachicolensis, new sp., worker
Figure 2. Pyramica apalachicolensis, new sp., right mandible of worker
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 17
curved hairs on the femora and tibiae are slightly flattened, so that they shine under illumina- tion. Pronotum reticulate, with two pairs of long, irregularly curved, filiform hairs on a pair of weak carinae along the lateral margins of the pronotal disc; remainder of mesosoma reticulate dorsally, shining along sides. Propodeal teeth short, triangular; infradental laminae conspicu- ously emarginate above. Mid and hind tibiae and basitarsi with a long, irregularly curved, filiform hair at proximal third of length. Petiole and postpetiole finely reticulate; infrapetiolar lamina gradually emarginate medially; lower postpetiolar spongiform process large, extending length of basal face of first sternite of gaster; gaster shining, with sparse, long, irregularly curved, filiform, erect hairs.
Paratype female. Measurements in mm: Total length: 2.43; head length: 0.67; maximum head width: 0.40; length of mesosoma: 0.62; length of forewing: 2.12.
Paratypes. Paratype material is 213 workers and 27 alate females.
Collecting data for type material. All type material is from the same site: FLORIDA: Leon County, Apalachicola National Forest, off Forest Service Road 373, TIS, R2W, S19; pine flatwoods habitat, stand of Pinus palustris Mill. All specimens collected by D. Lubertazzi. Two specimens collected in pitfall traps, 21 July 1997; remaining specimens collected from nest in soil, 20 September 1997.
Deposition of type material. Holotype, 36 paratypes: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; 20 paratypes: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; 20 paratypes: The Natural History Museum, London; 20 paratypes: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History; 12 paratypes: Florida State Col- lection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida; 20 paratypes: arthropod collection, Archbold Bio- logical Station, Lake Placid, Florida; remaining paratypes: temporarily housed in the collec- tion at Archbold Biological Station.
Etymology. This species is named for the Apalachicola National Forest, which is the type locality and the only area from which the species has been recorded.
Assignment in the Genus Pyramica. The closest relatives of the species de- scribed above are undoubtedly members of a group of species formerly placed in the genus Smithistruma, especially the apparent Arctotertiary relicts of North America and temperate East Asia. In Bolton’s 1999 revision of the Dacetonini the genus Smithistruma is combined with 17 other genera in the genus Pyramica. Bolton’s work contains so much detailed examination of specimens (many representing undescribed species) and such thoughtful analysis of character states that we must gratefully accept its conclusions. Nevertheless, further work is likely to destabilize Pyramica, a genus so heterogeneous as to verge on an oxymoronic genus concept. The divergence between species such as Pyramica eggersi (Emery) and Pyramica membranifera (Emery) is so extreme, and in all likelihood so ancient, that the genus Pyramica will probably require some disassembly to maintain the utility and consistency of generic concepts within the ants. For the moment, however, it seems best to assign apalachicolensis to Pyramica, even though its relationship to the type species of Smithistruma and the relatively early establishment of the latter genus suggest that it could eas- ily end up in some revised version of Smithistruma.
18 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
DISCUSSION
Similar species. In Brown’s 1953 key to the North American species of Smithistruma north of Mexico, P. apalachicolensis specimens cannot be readily taken past couplet past couplet 10, which separates species with a wedge- shaped head and no conspicuous mandibular diastema from species that do not have a wedge-shaped head and do have a conspicuous mandibular di- astema. Pyramica apalachicolensis, and another recently described species, P. archboldi (Deyrup and Cover) (1998), have both the wedge-shaped head and the conspicuous mandibular diastema. The clypeal pilosity of P. archboldi is not suberect and filiform, but proclinate and narrowly spatulate. If one were to de-emphasize the shape of the head, P. apalachicolensis would easily key to P. filitalpa (Brown) in Brown’s treatment; while the two species are similar, the clypeal pilosity is different (Fig. 3), and the mandibular dentition is also different, according to the description of the mandibles of P. filitalpa (Brown 1953). If one were to ignore the mandibular diastema, P. apalachicolensis would key to P. laevinasis (M. R. Smith), but the latter species has much denser clypeal pilosity, with the hairs not suberect. (Fig. 4). As indicated by these disparities between P. apalachicolensis and other species, this new spe- cies does not fit into the provisional species groups in Brown’s 1953 work, falling somewhere between the c/lypeata group and the talpa group. Notes on habitat. The large nest series and two collections of stray specimens were in open, low pine flatwoods (for a discussion of Florida pine flatwoods, see Myers and Ewel 1990). The open, sparsely forested character of this habi- tat is maintained by frequent fires (about every 4-15 years). Before European settlement of Florida, fires were probably caused by summer thunderstorms, but the fragmentation of the landscape now requires fire management by na- tional forest personnel to prevent the development of unnaturally dense hard- wood forest and thickets over much of the flatwoods habitat. The fires remove much of the standing vegetation, except pines, and most of the ground litter. The water table is high, and in the summer rainy season the soil may become flooded or saturated for a few days or weeks. In such habitats we usually find dacetine ants, including Strumigenys louisianae Roger and several species of Pyramica, confined to patches that escape burning along the edges of streams or swamps, or more rarely in large grass tussocks or in the thick layers of bark at the bases of large pines.
The nest was in an area with scattered Pinus palustris, shrubs (/lex glabra (L.) Gray, Quercus minima (Sarg.) Small, Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small, Lyonia fruticosa (Mich.) G. S. Torr.), and herbaceous plants (Aristida beyrichiana Trin. & Rupr., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Balduina uniflora Nutt., Seymeria cassioides (G. F. Gmel.) S. F. Blake, Sabatia brevifolia Raf., Aster tortifolius L.). The soil type was Leon sand.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 19
Figure 4. Pyramica laevinasis (M. R. Smith), worker
20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
With over 300 individuals, the nest is the most populous Pyramica nest the
authors have seen in Florida. It is tempting to relate this to some habitat fea- ture, such as a scarcity of suitable nest sites or a lack of competition from other dacetines, but it is possible that this nest was abnormally large for the species; only additional field research could clarify this. General comments on southeastern Pyramica. With the description of P. apalachicolensis, there are now 27 native species of Pyramica known from the southeastern United States. Almost all of these species can be identified by species-specific, highly consistent elaborations of the clypeus and the clypeal hairs, and often by elaborations of the mandibles as well. Nobody knows enough about the natural history of these Pyramica to explain the details of this re- markable diversity. In a more general way, the evolution of morphological peculiarities in Pyramica and related genera can be understood by perusing Brown and Wilson’s classic paper on the subject (1959). The jaws of these ants can be cocked back and held open by a catch, which can be released to allow the jaws to snap shut with great speed. This allows these ants to capture small but speedy subterranean invertebrates, especially springtails (Collem- bola), whose escape mechanism involves a spring-loaded appendage that al- lows them to leap away faster than anything other than the spring-loaded jaws of a specialized ant. One might assume that the specific differences in the length of the jaws and the configuration of their teeth might reflect specialized prey preferences, but there is no observational evidence of this, and even the significance of major features, such as the presence or absence of the man- dibular diastema, is unclear. There is the additional confounding factor that the teeth should mesh when they snap shut empty, so any change in dentition that evolves in relation to prey capture must be matched by a certain amount of repositioning that has nothing to do with predation.
The types and patterns of modified hairs on the clypeus are even more inscrutable. Brown and Wilson tentatively suggest (1959) that these hairs might be tactile lures or tactile “camouflage.” There is the additional possibility that the modified hairs might dispense attractive chemicals. In the forty years since the lure hypothesis was proposed nobody has looked at the biology of dacetines in enough detai! for corroboration; these are, after all, extremely small ants that have no economic importance and live in total obscurity in a fantastically complex environment. Nonetheless, the lure hypothesis is intuitively convinc- ing, and one thinks immediately of a set of fishermen who fish the same lake, each with his favorite lure, one with rubber worms, one with shiner spoons, one with pop-up frogs, all of which work with varying and unpredictable degrees of success depending upon which fish are swimming by and biting. Working out the adaptive significance of the jaws and hairs of Pyramica and related genera should provide instructive enjoyment for several generations of myrmecologists.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 21
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Andrew Colaninno and Jim Ruhl of the Apalachicola National Forest for sup- porting the study of ants found in the forest. We are grateful to the managers past and present of the Apalachicola National Forest for their efforts in maintaining the natural habitats of the forest, with their vast assemblages of interesting organisms, including the ant described above. We thank Howard Horne for identifying plants, Mark Hollingsworth and Charlie Walker for their help in the field. We are particularly grateful to Walter Tschinkel for his encouragement and support of this and other myrmecological projects.
LITERATURE CITED
Bolton, B. 1999. Ant genera of the tribe Dacetonini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Nat. Hist. 33: 1639-1689.
Brown, W. L., Jr. 1953. Revisionary studies in the ant tribe Dacetini. Amer. Midland Nat. 50: £2137,
Brown, W. L., Jr. and E. O. Wilson. 1959. The evolution of the dacetine ants. Quart. Rev. Biol. 34: 278-294.
Deyrup, M. and S. Cover. 1998. Two new species of Smithistruma Brown (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Florida. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 100: 214-221.
Holldobler, B. and E. O. Wilson. 1990. The ants. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA. 732
Pp. Myers, R. L., and T. T. Ewel. 1990. Ecosystems of Florida. Univ. Cent. Fl. Press, Orlando. 765 pp.
22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
A REVIEW OF THE HYBOMITRA SONOMENSIS GROUP (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE) IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA, WITH EMPHASIS ON GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN ADULT HYBOMITRA PHAENOPS'
John F. Burger2
ABSTRACT: The Hybomitra sonomensis group of western North America is reviewed and a key to adults and immature stages is provided to assist in accurate identification. Accurate identification of adults in the past has been difficult due to extensive variation in coloration, particularly for Hybomitra phaenops. Variation in adult Hybomitra phaenops throughout its known range is reviewed in detail and variation in adult H. enigmatica is briefly summarized.
The Hybomitra sonomensis group includes three described species in west- ern North America: Hybomitra sonomensis (Osten Sacken), Hybomitra phaenops (Osten Sacken), and Hybomitra enigmatica Teskey. Accurate iden- tification of these species was difficult until their identities were clarified by Teskey (1982), who provided characters for separating the three taxa, as well as illustrations for H. phaenops and H. enigmatica adults and immature stages, and distribution maps for the 3 taxa. He did not, however, provide a key for separating these 3 taxa. Because of the extreme variability of H. phaenops, however, accurately identifying that species has still been difficult.
During a study of the immature Tabanidae of Arizona from 1968 to 1971, I collected and reared larvae of H. phaenops (as H. sonomensis var. phaenops) from northern Arizona, along the margins of a marshy lake south of Flagstaff (Coconino County) and in wet moss along the edge of a cienega (a distinctive, treeless permanently wet area where the water table is close to the soil surface) in the White Mountains of Arizona (Greenlee County) (Burger, 1977). The adults reared were strikingly different from the type material of H. phaenops in having almost entirely pale hairs on the head and mesopleuron, and a strongly reduced black midstripe on the abdomen, and I initially considered the Ari- zona specimens to represent an undescribed species.
However, examination of H. phaenops from throughout its known range revealed substantial variation in color of the body and hairs, from a nearly black, melanistic form in California and Oregon to a pale grayish form with white hairs on the head and thorax. Examination of additional specimens from throughout the range of the species in western North America revealed inter- mediates between the black and light form, so that it was not possible to con-
1 Received March 8, 2000. Acccepted June 22, 2000.
2 Department of Zoology, Spaulding Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH. 03824 U.S.A.
ENT. NEWS 112(1): 22-30, January & February, 2001
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 23
sistently separate the variants into discrete groups. This review is designed to facilitate identification of the 3 species in the H. sonomensis group, since two of the species, H. phaenops and H. enigmatica, are, and have in the past been serious pests of livestock in western North America (Webb and Wells, 1924).
This review is based on examination of 979 specimens from the following institutions. National Museum of Natural History (USNM): H. enigmatica 16Q paratypes, H. phaenops 3479 , 550’, H. sonomensis 29 CO, 1 ©. University of New Hampshire collection (UNHC): H. enigmatica 3 Q paratypes and 3 Q, H. phaenops 379,50, H. sonomensis 3 Q . Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZC): H. phaenops 85 Q, H. sonomensis 3 Q. University of Arizona collection (UAIC): H. enigmatica 3 Q , H. phaenops 44 9,7 OC. Canadian National Collection of Insects (CNCI): H. enigmatica holotype Q, 123 Q paratypes, H. phaenops 2Q paratypes, 121 Q, 50, H. sonomensis 2 Q paratypes, 80 9,5 C0.
IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES IN THE H. SONOMENSIS GROUP
The 3 species in the H. sonomensis group can be distinguished from other western North American Hybomitra by the following combination of charac- ters summarized by Teskey (1982): abdomen with the sides of the first four tergites reddish orange (occasionally absent on tergite 4 or reduced on tergite 1); median black stripe on the abdomen narrowest on tergite 3 and outer mar- gin often jagged; front of the female 3.0 - 4.5 times higher than a basal width of no more than 0.6 mm; antenna predominantly black; basal flagellomere usually entirely black but may be reddish orange basally, dorsal angle obtuse and excavation shallow; apical palpomere 2.5 - 3.2 times longer than the greatest width, usually sharply pointed. Mature larvae of species in the H. sonomensis group differ from other western North American Hybomitra in having dorso- lateral pubescent spots on the anal segment.
Adults and immature stages of species in the H. sonomensis group can be separated by the following keys. Illustrations can be found for H. sonomensis larvae in Lane (1979) and for adults in Teskey (1990); for H. enigmatica adult and immature stages in Teskey (1982); and for H. phaenops adults in Teskey (1982) and immature stages in Burger (1977).
KEY TO ADULTS ©
1. Female with eye hairs relatively long and dense; male with eye hairs longer (0.20-0.23 mm); fork of veins R4 and R5 with at least a faint cloud; eye bands of female broader, reaching lateral margin of eye; upper and lower eye margins darkened; male with lower eye margin darkened; Pacific coastal ............. H. sonomensis (Osten Sacken)
Female with eye hairs microscopic and scattered; male with eye hairs relatively short (0.15 -0.18 mm); fork of veins Rq and Rs5 lacking a darker cloud; species OCCUITING. Wl ANG: oo Fons ssee 5 pie ws eos ysi 2.4) Ses. snauey gee Geo ons orss W Blouarshens a '3.oh auagdnas @seuseayeidis ohare 2
24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
2. Female with eye bands very narrow, not reaching lateral margin of eye, intervening green areas between bands distinctly wider than dark bands; upper and lower eye margins green, not darkened; male with lower eye Marpin NOtarhened...).frs jc cteies weys ous cians. crac! a caei Hays H. phaenops (Osten Sacken)
Female with eye bands broader, reaching lateral margin of eye; intervening green areas between bands not distinctly wider than dark bands; upper and lower eye margins darkened; male with lower margin of eye darkened . H. enigmatica Teskey
KEY TO MATURE LARVAE
1. Mesothoracic pubescent annulus with four short projections laterally, the dorsolateral and ventrolateral ones longest; dorsolateral pubescent spots on anal segment larger, usually confluent; anal segment 1.5 times longer than tall; occurring in coastal salt) marshes’. ....6.2.0.. 0... H. sonomensis (Osten Sacken)
Mesothoracic pubescent annulus without lateral projections or with two short projections; dorsolateral pubescent spots on anal segment small, separated;
anal segment not more than 1.2 times longer than tall; occurring in inland freshwater habitatsis jay d.tsc ata etcas ois cytioste debebowtate soto bial. cite oekathek emer caer 2
Meso- and metathoracic pubescent annuli with two short lateral projections; anal segment about as long as tall.................. H. phaenops (Osten Sacken)
Meso- and metathoracic pubescent annuli without lateral projections; anal segment. 1.2.,times. longer than tall, ico... sissies oeieuslesd nuts oteucte H. enigmatica Teskey
KEY TO PUPAE
1. Antennal ridges not encircled by deeply pigmented integument, surfaces of ridges pigmented; thoracic spiracles 0.79 - 0.94 mm long. H. sonomensis (Osten Sacken)
Antennal ridges encircled by deeply pigmented integument; thoracic spiracles O:S.2:056 mmVlONG sa a tise Sc H. phaenops (Osten Sacken); H. enigmatica Teskey
Teskey (1982) summarized the distribution of the H. sonomensis group. H. sonomensis is a Pacific coast species that occurs from central California to Alaska. Only an occasional specimen has been collected away from the coast. The immature stages occur in salt marsh habitats (Lane, 1979). H. phaenops and H. enigmatica have broadly overlapping ranges from Oregon to Wyoming south to northeastern Utah. H. enigmatica extends north to British Columbia and Alberta, while H. phaenops extends from northern Oregon to southwestern Montana in the north, and to northern and eastern Arizona and northern New Mexico in the south.
VARIATION IN HYBOMITRA PHAENOPS
Stone (1938) designated one of four syntypes of H. phaenops in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, as lectotype (Type No. 14520). The type locality is Webber Lake, Sierra County, California. Unfortu- nately, the lectotype is not the specimen in the best condition in the type
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 25
series. The lectotype female is closest to color form II of H. phaenops, described below. Front and subcallus dark gray tomentose; beard with pale hairs anteriorly and black hairs posteriorly; apical palpomere gray-black with mixed black and pale hairs; mesoscutum and scutellum glossy black; notopleural lobes reddish; pleuron entirely black haired, mesanepisternum with reddish tinges posteriorly; fore coxae entirely black haired; abdominal tergites 1-4 reddish orange laterally, black midstripe relatively broad; sternum entirely black haired.
Two paralectotype females are closest to color form III of H. phaenops. Beard entirely pale haired; apical palpomere creamy white with mostly white hairs; pleuron bearing mixed black and white hairs; sternites 2-4 pale yellow- ish haired, sternites 5-7 black haired. One paralectotype female is closest to the melanistic color form I of H. phaenops, described below. Beard entirely black haired except for small patch of pale hairs near base of maxillary palpi; apical palpomere blackish and entirely black haired; pleuron and fore coxae entirely black haired; wing vein R4 with short spur.
H. phaenops can be divided into color forms, based on color of the body and hairs of the head and thorax, although the dividing line between variants is subjective. Color form I is the darkest, with a glossy black thorax and hairs of the head and thorax entirely black. Color form II is similar to form I, except there are scattered pale hairs intermixed among the black ones, particularly in the beard and on the mesopleuron. Color form III has a relatively even mixture of black and pale hairs in the beard and on the mesopleuron. Color form IV has the thorax dark grayish subshining tomentose and predominantly pale hairs in the beard and on the mesopleuron. Color form V is the palest, and has entirely white hairs on the head and thorax; the thorax is pale gray tomentose, especially on the mesopleuron, and the black midstripe on the abdominal terg- ites is always strongly narrowed and incomplete on tergite 3.
Twenty one characters were examined for variation: Background color of eyes (relaxed); width of dark eye bands; color/hairs of apical palpomere; color of basal flagellomere; color of front in females; color of beard hairs; color of mesoscutum; color of mesoscutal hairs; color of notopleural lobes; color of pleuron hairs; color of mesanepisternum; color of metanepimeron; color of fore coxal hairs; color of femoral hairs; wing tinting; R4 vein with/without spur/length of spur; extent of lateral reddish orange area on abdominal tergites 1-4; width of dark midstripe on abdominal tergites; configuration of outer margins of abdominal midstripe; color of abdominal sternites; color of abdominal sternum hairs.
Color form I is the darkest of all the forms examined. The background color of the eyes (relaxed) is very light metallic green, and the dark eye bands are extremely narrow, much narrower than the intervening green areas. The apical palpomere varies from yellowish brown to blackish, and the hairs vary from entirely black to mixed black and pale hairs. The basal flagellomere is
26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
black. The front of females is dark gray to blackish gray, and the beard is entirely black haired (rarely a few scattered white hairs intermixed). The mesoscutum is glossy black with sublateral paler tomentose stripes barely apparent on the anterior margin. Some specimens from Summer Lake, Oregon have slightly more grayish tomentum anteriorly and laterally. The hairs of the mesoscutum in females are black except for some pale hairs on the lateral and anterior margins; the mesoscutal hairs in males are entirely black. The notopleural lobes are black, with only a trace of reddish tinge. Hairs of the pleuron, fore coxae and all femora are entirely black. The mesanepisternum and metanepimeron are blackish gray. The costal cell of the wing is very light brownish tinted, otherwise the wing is hyaline. Wing vein Rq either lacks a spur or has a very short spur. Abdominal tergites 1-4 are usually broadly red- dish orange laterally, but in some specimens, the reddish orange color extends only to tergite 3. The black midstripe is usually broadest on tergites 1-2, strongly narrowed on tergite 3 and broader on tergite 4, but the width can be highly variable, from very narrow to very broad; the outer margins are irregular. Abdominal sternites 1 and 5-7 are entirely black, sternite 2 1s reddish with a median black square patch, and sternites 3-4 are reddish. Hairs of the sternum are predominantly black, except yellowish laterally on sternites 2-4. One speci- men from Summer Lake, Oregon has the sternum hairs entirely black.
This melanistic form is confined to the western-most portion of the Great Basin, from eastern California (Mono County) to southeastern Oregon. It has been collected at elevations from 1,646 m (5,400 ft) to 3,231 m (10,600 ft) from May to September, but most specimens were collected in July and August.
Color form II is quite similar to form I, differing primarily in having more pale hair on the head and thorax. The apical palpomere is dark brownish black and may have entirely black hairs or pale and black hairs intermixed. The basal flagellomere has a trace of reddish color at the extreme base. The beard is pale haired anteriorly and black haired posteriorly. The hairs of the mesoscutum are mostly black, but there are scattered recumbent brassy hairs intermixed. The hairs of the pleuron are black, except for a patch of pale hairs adjacent to the wing base. Wing vein Rg has a spur of variable length. Abdominal tergites 1-4 have conspicuous sublateral yellow oblique hair patches overlying the reddish orange color.
This form is widely distributed within the range of H. phaenops but there were no records from Montana and Arizona, at the northern and southern lim- its of the range. The lectotype female most closely resembles this color form. The elevational range for this form was 1,264 m (4,147 ft) to 3,688 m (12,100 ft). Collection records extend from May to September.
Color form III has the black and pale hairs of the head and thorax vari- ably intermixed. The background color of the eyes is slightly darker metallic
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 pH
green and the width of the dark eye bands is slightly broader than in forms I and IJ. The apical palpomere varies from yellowish white to brownish and has dark and pale hairs intermixed. The basal flagellomere is faintly reddish at the extreme base. The front of the female is light gray tomentose, except slightly darker in the middle. The beard has predominantly pale hairs, with a few scattered black hairs intermixed. The mesoscutum is subshining black with faint grayish tomentose stripes to glossy black with sublateral stripes evanes- cent. The mesoscutum has black and brassy recumbent hairs intermixed. The notopleural lobes are reddish, contrasting with the darker mesoscutum. The mesanepisternum and metanepimeron are grayish tomentose, the former with reddish tinges posteriorly. The pleuron has black and pale hairs intermixed, but primarily black on the mesanepisternum. The fore coxal hairs are highly variable from entirely black to pale hairs basally and black hairs apically. The femora have mixed pale and black hairs. Wing with costal cell tinted as in forms I and II. Vein R4 without a spur or with a very short spur. Tergites 1-4 usually reddish orange laterally, rarely confined to tergites 1-3 only, reddish orange area overlain by yellowish hair patches along the hind margins of the tergites. Sternite 1, the base of sternite 2 and sternites 5-7 dark gray tomen- tose. Sternites 2-4 yellowish brown. Sternal hairs predominantly pale yellow, except for some black hairs on sternites 6-7.
Color form III is widely distributed within the known range of H. phaenops as far south as central Utah and southern Colorado. It seems to be especially abundant in western Wyoming and the mountains of central Colorado. The elevational range for form III was 1,829 m (6,000 ft) to 3,688 m (12,100 ft). It has been collected from May to September.
Color form IV has predominantly white hairs on the head and thorax. General appearance is similar to variant III. The apical palpomere is yellowish white with black and white hairs intermixed. The basal flagellomere is dis- tinctly reddish orange basally. The mesoscutum has anterior median and sublateral grayish tomentose stripes extending half its length. Recumbent mesoscutal hairs are brassy. The notopleural lobes are reddish orange. The hairs of the pleuron are mostly whitish, with only scattered black hairs on the mesanepisternum. The mesanepisternum is reddish tinged posteriorly; the metanepimeron is reddish tinged dorsally. The fore coxal hairs are white ba- sally and black on the apical third. The apices of the mid and hind femora are reddish and are mostly white haired. The reddish orange color laterally on tergites 1-4 is similar to that of form III. One female from Elko, Nevada has the reddish orange area extended onto tergite 5. A female from Tennessee Pass, Colorado has the reddish orange area reduced on tergite 1 and absent from tergite 4. The black midstripe is broad on tergites 1-2 and highly variable on tergite 3, from a complete narrow stripe to a slender anterior triangle extending across the anterior third of the tergite. One female from Elko,
28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Nevada had the midstripe narrowed on tergite 2 and absent on tergites 3-4. Abdominal sternum color and hairs are similar to form III.
Color form IV is widely distributed within the known range of H. phaenops, south to southern Utah and central Colorado. It has not been recorded from southern Colorado or Arizona. The elevational range of this form is 1,829 m (6,000 ft) to 3,309 m (10,856 ft) and it has been collected from May to Sep- tember.
Color form V is the palest of all the H. phaenops forms. The eye back- ground color and dark bands are similar to forms III and IV. The apical palpomere is pale yellowish white and has mostly white hairs with a few scat- tered black hairs. The basal flagellomere is reddish orange to the dorsal angle. The beard hairs are entirely white as are all the hairs of the face. The mesoscutum is blackish gray tomentose with conspicuous light gray tomentose median and sublateral stripes extending the entire length of the mesoscutum. The recum- bent hairs are black on dark areas of the mesoscutum and brassy on the lighter areas. The notopleural lobes are reddish orange. The pleuron is light gray to- mentose and the pleural hairs are mostly white with only scattered black hairs on the mesanepisternum. The mesanepistemum is broadly reddish posteriorly. The fore coxal hairs are entirely white in females and white basally and black apically in males. The mid and hind femora are light gray tomentose and broadly reddish apically in females and blackish gray in males. Females have the hairs of the mid femora black dorsally and white ventrally and predominantly white on the hind femora. The mid and hind femoral hairs of males are mostly black. The costal cell of the wing is light brown tinted and there is light brown tinting around the wing veins in Arizona specimens, but not in specimens from other localities. Vein Ry has a short spur. The reddish orange color on the abdomi- nal tergites extends to tergite 5 in females and tergite 4 in males. There are conspicuous sublateral yellow hair patches overlying the reddish orange area, and the hind margins of the tergites are broadly yellow haired. The dark midstripe is greatly reduced or absent on tergites 2-4. In most specimens, the midstripe is reduced to a narrow oval streak on tergite 2 and is reduced to a narrow anterior streak or is entirely absent on tergites 3-4. The sternum is wholly yellowish brown on sternites 1-5 and darkened on sternites 6-7 in most females. In males, sternites 1-2 are darker in the middle. The sternal hairs are entirely yellowish on sternites 1-5, predominantly yellow on sternite 6 and black on sternite 7.
Color form V occurs in the eastern part of the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains from Yellowstone Park in northwestern Wyoming south to the White Mountains in eastern Arizona, the southern limit of H. phaenops. This is the only form collected in Arizona. It has an elevational range of 2,211 m (7,255 ft) to 3,121 m (10, 240 ft). It seems to be restricted to areas above 2,000 m.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 29
VARIATION IN H. ENIGMATICA
I examined the holotype female and all the paratypes of H. enigmatica in the Canadian National Collection of Insects and the National Museum of Natural History. Two female paratypes are misidentified and are H. phaenops. Nine other paratypes are questionably H. enigmatica. H. enigmatica exhibits con- siderable variation in common with H. phaenops, particularly in the color of the hairs on the head and thorax and in the width of the dark midstripe on the abdomen. It does not, however, exhibit the extreme dark and pale variation seen in H. phaenops. The beard hairs vary from entirely white to mixed black and white. The mesopleuron varies from having predominantly black hairs to predominantly white hairs, but no specimens examined had entirely white or black hairs on the pleuron. The hairs of the fore coxae varied from entirely black to entirely white. Some specimens had the reddish orange area on the abdomen reduced to tergites 2-3, and the black midstripe was strongly nar- rowed in a few specimens.
DISCUSSION
Although H. phaenops and H. enigmatica are very similar, and have broadly overlapping ranges in Idaho, Montana, Wyoming and Utah, they usually can be distinguished by differences in the eye pattern, as given in the key, because usually there is very little variation in the eye pattern. However, examination of a long series of specimens from Pinedale, Wyoming (Sublette County), where both H. phaenops and H. enigmatica occur, revealed exceptional varia- tion in the widths of the dark eye bands of H. phaenops. Specimens of H. enigmatica had broader eye bands that extended to the lateral margin of the eye, the background color was dark green, and the upper and lower margins of the eye were darkened. The long series of H. phaenops exhibited the follow- ing variation in the size of the eye bands: (1) all three bands equal in width; (2) middle band narrower than the upper and lower band; (3) all bands exception- ally narrow and the upper band abbreviated, much shorter than the middle and lower band; (4) upper and lower bands narrower than the middle band; (5) upper band narrower than the middle and lower bands. Most of these speci- mens could be identified as H. phaenops by the bands not reaching the lateral margin of the eye and the light green upper and lower eye margins. Two speci- mens from Pinedale could not be certainly determined. The eye pattern was similar to H. enigmatica (relatively broad, complete eye bands on a dark green background), but there was no darkening of the upper and lower eye margins.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank the curators of the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Ontario, the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C., University of Arizona, Tucson, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, for the loan of specimens and
30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
paratypes of Hybomitra enigmatica and type material of Hybomitra phaenops. | also thank D. S. Chandler, Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire, and J. S. Weaver, Department of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, for reviewing the manuscript. | especially acknowledge the work of the late Herbert J. Teskey on western North American horse flies and the many valuable discussions we had on the status of western species groups. This is Scientific Contribution Number 2044 of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station.
LITERATURE CITED
Burger, J. F. 1977. The biosystematics of immature Arizona Tabanidae (Diptera). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 103: 145-258.
Lane, R. S. 1979. Larvae and pupae of two Hybomitra species (Diptera: Tabanidae) from northern California. J. Med. Entomol. 16: 142-149.
Stone, A. 1938. The horseflies of the subfamily Tabaninae of the Nearctic Region. U. S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Pub. No. 305, 172 pp.
Teskey, H. J. 1982. A new species of the Hybomitra sonomensis group (Diptera: Tabanidae) with description of its immature stages. Can. Entomol. 114: 1077-1082.
Teskey, H. J. 1990. The Insects and Arachnids of Canada. Part 16. The Horse Flies and Deer Flies of Canada and Alaska (Diptera:Tabanidae). Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Publication 1838, 381 pp.
Webb, J. L. and R. W. Wells. 1924. Horse-flies: Biologies and relation to western agriculture. U. S. Dep. Agric. Bull. 1218, 36 pp.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 31
NEW DATA ON PALEARCTIC APHTHONA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES: TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC RESULTS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL EXPLORATION!
Alexander S. Konstantinov2 , Mark G. Volkovitsh3, Massimo Cristofaro4
ABSTRACT: The results of biological control explorations for Aphthona spp. on leafy spurge in Russia are reported. One new species is described based on adults and larvae: Aphthona russica, Sp. nov. (Russia: Taman’ Peninsula). Distributions and host plants of 10 other Aphthona species are recorded. Aphthona gracilis is reported from Siberia for the first time feeding on Euphorbia virgata, and Euphorbia squamosa 1s recorded as a host plant of A. festaceicornis for the first time.
The genus Aphthona Chevrolat is one of the most speciose flea beetle gen- era with more than 300 species distributed in the Palearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical and Australian Regions (Konstantinov 1998). A number of Aphthona species feed on Euphorbiaceae, especially on Euphorbia esula and E. virgata (two of the most important noxious weeds in North America). Six Palearctic species of Aphthona have already been released in North America as biological control agents of these weeds (White 1996), but additional spe- cies are needed to control the weeds in the variety of habitats they have in- vaded, especially in the forest and mountain areas of the western United States. For the purpose of collecting new, potential biological control agents, field work was conducted in Russia in June and July of 1998. Three major regions were explored: Krasnodar, Novosibirsk and Irkutsk (Fig. 1). The Krasnodar region is located near the Black Sea, northwest of the Caucasus Mountains. The area is heavily cultivated, but some “wild” areas were found close to the seashore and in the mountains. The region includes lowlands (Krasnodar area and Taman’ Peninsula) with typical steppe and semidesert vegetation, and Western foothills and low altitude mountains of the Great Caucasus ridge with Caucasian nemoral forest and submediterranean vegetation. The Novosibirsk region is situated in southwestern Siberia with a moderately continental cli- mate. The collecting occurred in relatively small patches of coniferous and deciduous forests (Iskitim Territory), open areas with small birch and aspen
! Received June 15, 2000. Accepted July 25, 2000.
2 Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, c/o National Museum of Natural History, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20560- 0168, U.S.A.
3 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, RUSSIA. 4¢/o ENEA Casaccia, INN BIOAG-ECO, via Anguillarese 301, 00060 Rome, ITALY.
ENT. NEWS 112(1): 31-41, January & February, 2001
32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
woods and wild grasses (forest-steppe), and near several salty lakes (Karasuk Territory). The Irkutsk region (southeastern Siberia) has a unique mountain landscape with mixed forest (taiga) and open spaces (forest-steppe and steppe). The altitude in the area ranged from 300 to more than 2,000 meters above sea level.
Vex oN le ey a Ree eS ARCTIC OCEAN i SSS Se : = cor ms | Z Att Cage 5 Eas! Siberian Sea wes y :
Be ie ‘ SIBERIA 5 ge 46 S is i Neches Tung ig, x a ; 2 - \ ae e s v. ot, Lake oS - Haikal : 9 ) i yt om — Mixed forest Desert rest-Steppe Mountain regions: Steppe a 500 Miles us Tae 0) 500 1000 Kilometres
Fig. 1. Map of Russia with collecting locations.
A recently published revision of the Palearctic species of Aphthona (Konstantinov 1998) discussed the variability of genitalic structures in A. lacertosa. Material collected in 1998 and 1999 provided additional informa- tion which led us to the conclusion that Aphthona specimens previously iden- tified as /acertosa from the Taman’ Peninsula are a new species. Study of the biology of this species and preliminary feeding tests conducted in the Labora- tory of Systematic Foundation of Biological Control, Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg showed that this species has great potential to become an important agent for control of leafy spurge, especially in wet habitats with heavy clayish soil. During our explorations, new distributional and host plant data for sev- eral Aphthona species also were collected (Table 1). For adults, we follow the terminology of Konstantinov (1998) and for larvae we use terms proposed by Anderson (1938), Lee et al. (1998), Medvedev and Zaitsev (1978), and Ogloblin and Medvedev (1971).
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001
Ww WwW
Aphthona russica, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 2-4, 7, 11-20)
Description: Adult, female. Body narrow, flat in lateral view. Length 2.60 - 3.85 mm. Width 1.68 - 1.89 mm.
Color black or piceous with light metallic blue luster. Ventral part of body brown. Last 5 antennomeres, dorsal side of metafemur light brown. Rest of legs and basal 6 antennomeres dark yellow.
Head slightly convex in lateral view. Vertex shiny, with fine, sparse punctures. Frontal ridge as wide as antennal callus, widening anteriorly, moderately long, more or less flat, lateral sides parallel between antennal sockets. Antennal calli 1.33 wider than long, moderately con- vex, contiguous, nearly trapezoidal, forming obtuse angle to each other. Anterofrontal ridge concave, in middle as high as frontal ridge. Supracallinal sulcus slightly curved. Clypeus 3.80 times wider than long. Orbit 0.75 wider than antennal callus. Second antennomere shorter than third and fourth separately, fifth antennomere much longer than fourth and sixth.
Pronotum shiny, flat in lateral view. Base 1.13 wider than apex, almost as wide as elytral base. Lateral margin more or less narrowly explanate. Anterolateral callosity nearly transverse, short, low, with obtuse denticle, straight. Posterolateral callosity poorly developed. Punctures coarse, poorly defined, forming longitudinal wrinkles at base. Basal part of pronotum with denser punctures than apical. Interspaces densely covered with small punctures and wrinkles.
Scutellum wider than long, broadly rounded on top, lateral sides strongly converging. Elytron with poorly developed humeral callus and apical declivity, extremely flat. Lateral sides of elytra almost parallel. Maximum width in middle. Apical margin broadly rounded, straight and obtusely angulate at apex. Punctures coarse, poorly defined, not forming striae on disc, mostly 1.5 - 2 times as large as interspaces.
Metatibia slightly curved in lateral view, abruptly widening apically. Flat dorsally at api- cal 2/3. Medial ridge better developed than lateral ridge. Apex of first metatarsomere slightly wider than base from dorsal view, much narrower than third metatarsomere in female. Second metatarsomere nearly 1.33 times longer than third, 1.25 times shorter than fourth.
Receptacle of spermatheca (Figs. 2-4) 1.20 - 1.25 times longer than pump, apically wider than base of pump. Inner surface slightly more convex than outer surface. Vertical part of pump moderately short, narrower than horizontal part at base. Horizontal part moderately short, usually straight. Duct almost without loop away from receptacle. Anterior sclerotization of tignum slightly curved, normally long, thin in middle, abruptly widening anteriorly. Posterior sclerotization wide, poorly delineated posteriorly. Apical sclerotization of vaginal palpus much shorter than basal. Lateral side of palpus concave before apex.
Male unknown.
Mature larva. Body (Fig. 11) 5.1-7.1 mm long, whitish, subcylindrical, slightly C-shaped, long and slender. All segments elongate, with secondary folds and very sparse, short setae, without distinct tergal sclerite. Head and mandible brown, legs, spiracles, and anal plate apically pale brown to yellowish.
Head 3.5 - 3.9 mm wide, hypognathous, slightly elongated, 1.20-1.25 times as long as wide, almost parallel-sided; moderately sclerotized. Epicranial suture (Fig. 12, EpS) short, endocarina (Fig. 12, Enc) well developed, stronger sclerotized than frons, moderately wide. Frontal suture (Fig. 12, FS) moderately divergent forming 55E angle, nearly straight. Frons (Fig. 12) with three pairs of long frontal setae and two pairs of frontal sensilla. Epicranium (Fig. 12, Ep) with seven pairs of long epicranial setae and eight pairs of epicranial sensilla of which five posterior pairs located by two groups at posterolateral parts of epicranial halves. Ocelli not found. Antenna (Figs. 12, 13) 2-segmented, attached to anterolateral corners of epi- cranium by articular membrane; antennomere | (Fig. 13, Al) moderately sclerotized, bearing large cone-like sensory appendage apically, two campaniform sensilla on lateral sclerite, one trichoid and one campaniform sensilla at base of sensory appendage. Antennomere 2 (Fig. 13,
34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Smee tale
Figs. 2-10. Female genitalia. 2-6. Spermathecae. 7-10. Vaginal palpi. 2-4, 7 - Aphthona russica sp. nov; 5, 6, 8-10 - A. lacertosa Rosenhauer.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 35
A2) rudimentary with poorly sclerotized annuliform base, located at anterior part of antennomere 1, bearing large, elongated, cone-like sensory papilla and one seta apically. Clypeus (Figs. 12, 14, Cl) transverse, narrow, covered with angular epistomal projections (Fig. 14, EpP) which bear pair of dipped setae on lateral corners and three pairs of sensilla. Labrum (Figs. 12, 14, Lb) trapezoidal with large, curved, well sclerotized palantine sclerite (Fig. 14, PIS), bearing pair of setae and pair of campaniform sensilla medially, pair of long setae laterally, and two groups of two normal and three flattened, curved epipharingeal setae on anterolateral corners. Mandible (Figs. 15, 16) palmate, well sclerotized, with four long and one small teeth, two mandibular setae externally, and well developed penicillus (Fig. 16, Pe). Penicillus consisting of one thick curved papilla and six or seven long wavy cilia. Cardo (Fig. 17, Cd) narrow, attached to base of stipes, strongly sclerotized and bearing one seta on external margin. Stipes (Fig. 17, St) slightly sclerotized with much stronger sclerotized long anterior projection reaching mala; two setae and one campaniform sensilla present externally. Maxillary palpus (Fig. 17, Plp) 3-segmented, located on palpifer (Fig. 17, Pgr) with hemi-circular narrow basal sclerite bearing two setae (on Fig. 17 the left palpifer with only one seta, which could be a result of reduction that frequently occurs in coleopterous larvae). First and second maxillary palpomeres with narrow, annuliform, sclerotized bases. First palpomere with two campaniform sensilla, second palpomere with one seta. Third palpomere elongate, with one seta and indistinct structure (probably sensory pa- pilla) externally. Mala (Fig. 17, Ma) with sclerotized base and external margin, galea bearing one large sensory papilla located on sclerotized base, three basiconic sensilla and two long peg-like sensilla; lacinia with group of six long, peg-like setae. Ligula (Fig. 17, Lg) broadly rounded anteriorly, without microsetae along anterior margin (probably due to damage during dissection), not separated from prementum. Prementum with well sclerotized horseshoe-shaped mental sclerite (Fig. 17, MSc) bearing two short setae at base, that encircles area comprising labial palpi and three pairs of premental sensilla and three pairs of short premental setae. Labial palpus (Fig. 17, Lbp) 2-segmented, poorly sclerotized, with indistinct structure (probably sen- silla) externally. Postmentum with two pairs of postmental setae.
Thoracic segments whitish, sclerites transparent. Thoracic setae short, hyaline, hardly vis- ible (according to Medvedev and Zaitsev (1978), the pronotum of Aphthona larvae bears eight setae on anterior margin and six on posterior). Mesothoracic spiracle annuliform, situated on epipleuron. Femur (Fig. 18, Fe) stout, with four setae, one campaniform sensilla ventrally, and six setae around apical margin. Tibia (Fig. 18, Ti) elongated, with fringe of five setae on ante- rior third. Tarsungulus (Fig. 18, Ta) falciform, strongly curved anteriorly, base with seta. Pul- villus (Fig. 18, Pu) round, as long as tarsungulus.
Abdominal segments with secondary folds, intersegmental limits hardly visible (Fig. 11). External sclerites transparent, inconspicuous, setae well visible only on the lateral parts of ab- dominal segments. Abdomen with eight pairs of abdominal spiracles (Fig. 19), the peritreme circular. Anal plate (Fig. 20) poorly sclerotized, yellowish, with widely rounded posterior mar- gin, without any trace of urogomphi, bearing 12 pairs of long blunt setae including two pairs situated on ventral surface at margins of pygopod (Fig. 20, Py), four pairs positioned along posterior margin, and one pair located at anterolateral part of anal plate. Tenth abdominal segment well developed, with ventrally directed pygopod (Figs. 11, 20, Py).
Type material. Holotype 9. Russia, Krasnodar reg. Taman’ Pemnsula, 10 km. E. Taman’, 01.VI.1999, leg. Konstantinov, Volkovitsh Cristofaro (USNMD ). Paratypes, same data as holotype (8Q USNM, 39 ZMAS$); Myshastovskaya, 21.VI.1998 (7Q USNM, 49 ZMAS); 7 km E. Taman’, salt lake near Veselovka, 22.VI.1998 (6Q USNM, 39 ZMAS).
Larval material examined. Larvae reared in the laboratory from the eggs laid during July- August 1998 by the beetles collected in June 1998 in the Krasnodar region. Samples were
5 USNM - National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA. 6 ZMAS - Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Fig. 11-16. Mature larva. 11- lateral view. 12. Head capsula, dorsal view (mandibles and labio- maxillary complex are removed). 13. Left antenna, dorsal view. 14. Clypeus and labrum, dor- sal view. 15. Right mandible, buccal view. 16. Left mandible, ventral view. Al- antennomere 1; A2- antennomere 2; SA - sensory appendage; Cl - clypeus; Enc - endocarina; Ep - epicra- nium, EpP - epistomal projection; EpS - epicranial suture; FS - frontal suture; Lb - labrum; Pe - penicillus; PIS - palantine sclerite; Py - pygopod.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 Si,
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Fig. 17-20. Mature larva. 17. Labio-maxillary complex, ventral view. 18. Left hind leg, ventral view. 19. Left 3rd abdominal spiracle. 20. Anal plate, dorsal view. Cd - cardo; Fe - Femur; Lbp - labial palpi; Lg - ligula; Ma - mala; MSc - mental sclerite, Pgr - palpifer; Plp - maxilary palpi; Pu - pulvillus; Py - pygopod; St - stipes; Ta - tarsungulus; Ti - tibia.
taken from soil in potted plants of Euphorbia esula on 2 November, 10 December 1998, and 3 January 1999 (10 ZMAS, 5 USNM).
Comments: In the key to the Palearctic species (Konstantinov 1998) Aphthona russica keys out together with A. lacertosa. It can be separated from A. lacertosa by the following characters: base of pronotum with coarser punctures situated
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
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40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
close to each other, forming coarse longitudinal wrinkles (in A. lacertosa, punc- tures usually are well separated from each other and do not form wrinkles); receptacle of spermatheca (Fig. 2-4) 1.20 - 1.25 times longer than pump (in A. lacertosa receptacle is 1.08 - 1.13 times as long as pump (Figs. 5, 6)), horizon- tal part of pump moderately short, usually straight (in A. lacertosa it is rela- tively longer, curved). Lateral side of vaginal palpus concave before apex (in A. lacertosa this part of palpus 1s straight).
Notes on Aphthona species of potential importance for biological control of leafy spurge
As indicated in Table 1, five other species of Aphthona (A. abdominalis (Duftschmidt), A. gracilis Faldermann, A. nigriscutis Foudras, A. pygmaea Kutschera, and A. tolli Ogloblin) were also collected in large numbers. Field observation showed that they control leafy spurge under natural conditions. Aphthona abdominalis and A. nigriscutis already have been released in the United States and Canada. The latter species is established in sunny and dry habitats and effectively controls leafy spurge mainly due to the damage pro- duced by beetle larvae and the soil pathogens. The former species is not well established, probably because its biotype originates from Italy which has a mild, Mediterranean climate. Siberian biotypes of these species should be bet- ter adapted to the severe climate of the northwestern United States.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Neal Spencer (USDA, ARS, Northern Plains Agricultural Re- search Laboratory, Sidney, MT) and Gaetano Campobasso (USDA, ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Rome, Italy) for the idea and efforts in organizing this exploration. We thank Alexander Alexeev (Institute of Chemical Kinetics, Novosibirsk, Russia), Margarita Dolgovskaya (Laboratory of Systematic Foundation of Biological Control, Zoological Insti- tute, St. Petersburg, Russia), Sergey Reznik (Laboratory of Experimental Entomology, Zoo- logical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia), Victor Shilenkov (Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia), and Vadim Zaitsev (Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia) for their help during the exploration. Konstantin Baikov (Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Novosibirsk, Russia) identified Euphorbia species. Olesya Moskaleva (St. Petersburg State University) inked fig- ures of the beetle larva.
We also thank Javier Blanco (Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, DC), and Allen L. Norrbom and F. Christian Thompson (USDA, ARS, Systematic En- tomology Laboratory, Washington, DC) for their comments on the earlier versions of the manu- script. This study was partly funded by Grant No. 98-04-49763 from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research.
LITERATURE CITED
Anderson, W. H. 1938. Description of the larvae of Chaetocnema denticulata (Illiger) and Chaetocnema pulicaria Melsheimer (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Proceedings of the Entomol Soc Wash 40:161-169.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 4]
Konstantinov, A. S. 1998. Revision of the Palearctic species of Aphthona Chevrolat and cla- distic classification of the Aphthonini (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Mem Entomol Int. 11, 429 pp.
Jong Eun Lee, S. W. Lingafelter, and A. S. Konstantinoy. 1998. Larval morphology of Systena blanda Melsheimer (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Proc Entomol Soc Wash 100: 484-488.
Medvedev, L. N. and Yu. M. Zaitsev. 1978. The Larvae of the Leaf Beetles of the Siberia and Far East. Isdatelstvo Nauka, Moskva. 183 pp (In Russian).
Ogloblin, D. A. and L. N. Medvedey. 1971. The Larvae of the Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) of the European Part of the USSR. Isdatelstvo Nauka, Opredeliteli po faune SSSR, Leningrad. 124 pp (In Russian).
White, R. 1996. Leaf beetles as biological control agents against injurious plants in North America. pp. 373-399. In: P. Jolivet & M. Cox (eds.). Chrysomelidae Biology. V 2: Eco- logical studies. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 465 pp.
42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
A NEW SPECIES OF ANASA (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE) FROM THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC!
Harry Brailovsky2
ABSTRACT: A new species of Anasa from the Dominican Republic is described and illus- trated. A key to the known Dominican species is included.
Brailovsky (1985) reviewed the genus Anasa Amyot and Serville and rec- ognized, described, or redescribed each of 63 species. Drawings of the head, pronotum, male genital capsule, parameres, female genitalia, and spermatheca were provided, as well as a key to the known taxa. Later Brailovsky (1990) added three new species from México, El Salvador, and French Guyana
The genus is characterized by hind femora that usually are armed with one or more subdistal spines, humeral angles that are not acutely spined, a tylus that is not compressed and is elevated slightly above the juga, a rostrum that reaches or extends beyond the middle third of the mesosternum, and a head that below the antenniferous tubercles lacks a raised shelflike plate.
Two species of Anasa, A. bellator (Fabricius) and A. scorbutica (Fabri- cius), presently are known from the Dominican Republic. In this paper a third species is described.
Acronyms used: University of Georgia, Museum of Natural History, Athens, Georgia (UGCA), and Coleccion Entomolégica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Aut6moma de México (UNAM),
All measurements are given in millimeters.
Anasa bellator (Fabricius) Figures 2, 6, 10
Cimex bellator Fabricius, 1787. Man. Ins. II: 286.
This species is distinguished easily by the following characters:
Head behind each base of antenniferous tubercle armed with short acute spine that reaches base of antennal segment I, spine shorter than diameter of eye; pronotum declivent, with short setigerous hairs slightly longer than the semidecumbet hairs of corium and clavus; humeral angles slightly exposed, weakly angulate; femora unarmed; antennal segments II-III yellow with two wide black rings, antennal segment IV black with apical third yellow (Figs. 2, 6).
Distribution. This species is widely distributed throughout Mexico, Central America, West Indies, and South America. It has been recorded in Dominican Republic from La Plata and 21 km N of Higuey (Brailovsky 1985).
1 Received May 13, 2000. Accepted June 12, 2000.
2 Instituto de Biologia, UNAM, Departamento de Zoologia, Apdo Postal 70153, México D.F., 04510, México. e mail: coreidae @servidor.unam.mx
ENT. NEWS 112(1): 42-49, January & February, 2001
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 43
Anasa pisina Brailovsky, NEW SPECIES Figures 1, 3, 7, 11
Description. Structure. Male. Head wider than long, quadrate, dorsally flat, nondeclivent; tylus unarmed, extending anteriorly to juga, slightly raised in lateral view; juga unarmed, thick- ened; head behind each base of antenniferous tubercle armed with short acute spine that reaches base of antennal segment I, spine shorter than diameter of eye; preocellar pit deep; postocular tubercle protuberant; vertex with deep longitudinal furrow; buccula rounded, without teeth, short, elevated, not projecting beyond antenniferous tubercles; rostrum reaching middle third of mesosternum.
Thorax. Pronotum wider than long, trapezoid, declivent, bilobed; collar wide; anterior lobe shorter than posterior lobe, with anterolateral margins nodulose and serrate; posterior lobe with anterolateral margins slightly dentate; posterolateral border sinuate, smooth; posterior border straight, smooth; triangular process short, acute; callar region slightly convex, behind it with two short longitudinal depressions lateral to midline; frontal angles with broad conical lobe; humeral angles exposed, produced laterally, directed upward, with upper border smooth, inner border sparsely tuberculate. Anterior lobe of metathoracic peritreme reniform; posterior lobe acute, short (Figs. 3, 7).
Legs. Front and middle femora unarmed; hind femur ventrally armed with blunt and in- conspicuous subdistal spinelike tubercles.
Hemelytra. Macropterous, reaching apex of last abdominal segment.
Abdomen. Connexivum widely exposed, with posterior angles complete, not projected into spines.
Genital capsule. Posteroventral border with small U-shaped concavity at middle third (Fig. 11).
Integument. Body surface dull; posterior lobe of pronotal disc, scutellum, clavus, corium, propleura, mesopleura, and metapleura densely punctate; head, anterior lobe of pronotal disc, prosternum, mesosternum, metasternum, and abdominal sterna with scattered punctures; connexival segments without punctures. Head dorsally, antennal segments, pronotum, scutel- lum, clavus, corium, prosternum, mesosternum, metasternum, legs, connexival segments, and abdominal sterna with short decumbent to suberect setigerous hairs; head ventrally, propleura, mesopleura, and metapleura glabrous. Ventral surface of head including bucculae, and femora with scattered black tubercles.
Dorsal coloration. Ground color dark orange with punctures and tubercles black; anten- nal segments chestnut orange with scattered reddish brown tubercles on segments I to III; connexival segments III to VII black with anterior third orange-yellow; head black with short stripe near eyes, tylus, juga, and postocular tubercle dark orange; triangular process of pronotum yellow; hemelytral membrane dark brown; dorsal abdominal segments bright orange.
Ventral coloration. Including rostral segments, legs, and genital capsule pale orange with following areas black to reddish brown: apex of rostral segment IV, punctures, and few scat- tered discoidal spots on coxae, trochanters, femora, tibiae, and abdominal sterna; anterior and posterior lobe of metathoracic peritreme creamy yellow.
Female. Similar to male. Connexival segments VIII-IX black with anterior third orange; genital plates pale orange with black to reddish brown punctures.
Measurements. First male, then female. Head length 1.24, 1.32, width across eyes 1.30, 1.68, interocular space 0.86, 0.96, interocellar space 0.42, 0.48, preocular distance 0.72, 0.80; length of antennal segments: I, 1.64, 1.76, II, 1.76, 2.06, III, 1.72, 2.04, IV, 1.50, 1.72. Pronotum: Length 2.50, 2.78, width across frontal angles 1.24, 1.32, width across humeral angles 4.64, 5.40. Scutellar length 1.48, 1.64, width 1.76, 1.96. Body length 10.90, 13.40.
Type material. Holotype: OC, Dominican Republic: La Vega, vic. Salto de Aguas Blancas, 19-VII-1996, R. Turnbow (UGCA). Paratypes. 29, same data as holotype (UGCA, UNAM).
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
44
SSS es
iew. Male.
dorsal v
Figure 1. Anasa pisina Brailovsky,
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 45
Discussion. This species resembles A. tenebricosa Distant in having the humeral angles exposed, produced laterally, similar to short wing directed upward, antennal segments I-IV chestnut orange, femora with black discoidal spots, and pronotum not strongly declivent, and with short hairs.
In A. pisina, the head behind base of each antenniferous tubercle armed with short acute spine (Figs. 2, 7), the front and middle femora are unarmed, and the dorsal abdominal segments are bright orange. In A. tenebricosa the head behind base of each antenniferous tubercle is unarmed (Figs. 5, 9), the front and middle femora are armed ventrally, and the dorsal abdominal seg- ments are black with odoriferous scars IV-V, and V-VI dark yellow. Postero- ventral edge of male genital capsule in caudal view slightly distinct (Figs. 11, en
Etymology. From the Latin “pisina’”’, small.
Anasa scorbutica (Fabricius) Figures 4, 8, 12
Cimex scorbuticus Fabricius, 1775. Syst. Ent.: 706. This peculiar bug is recognized by the following characters:
Head behind base of each antenniferous tubercles armed with prominent spine, spine longer than diameter of eye, pronotum strongly declivent, bearing numerous erect setigerous hairs that contrast strongly with semidecumbent hairs of clavus and corium, humeral angles rounded, slightly exposed, femora armed ventrally with two subdistal spines; antennal segments II-III uniformly yellow to pale orange, IV orange hazel (Figs. 4, 8).
Distribution. This species is widely distributed, ocurring in the United States, Mexico, Central America, West Indies, South America, and the Galapagos Archipelago. It has been recorded in Dominican Republic from Santo Domingo, Ciudad Trujillo, Pedro Sanchez, Puerto Plata, Villa Rivas, La Vaca (6 km W of Jayaco), San Cristobal, Rocachica and La Vega (30 km E of El Rio) (Brailovsky 1985).
Key to the Species of Anasa from the Dominican Republic
1 Antennal segments II-III distinctly annulate, alternating yellow
and black rings (Fig. 2); hind femora unarmed.............. bellator (Fabricius) 1’ Antennal segments II-III, usually yellow to chestnut orange; hind temoraarmedsventralll vision. cys aye syetss nes ahs were col sens laze cles Cae ee 2
2 Head behind base of each antenniferous tubercle armed with prominent spine, spine longer than diameter of eye (Figs. 4, 8); front and middle femora armed; pronotal disc with numerous erect setigerous hairs, contrasting with semidecumbent hairs of clavus and corium ............... scorbutica (Fabricius)
2' Head behind base of each antenniferous tubercle armed with short spine, spine shorter than diameter of eye (Figs. 3, 7); front and middle femora unarmed; pronotal disc, clavus and corium with short setigerous hairs... pisina, new species
46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Figures 2-4, Head and pronotum, Anasa spp. 2. A. bellator (Fabricius). 3. A. pisina Brailovsky. 4. A. scorbutica (Fabricius).
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 47
12
13
Figures 5-13. Anasa spp. 5. Head and pronotum, dorsal view, A. tenebricosa Distant. 6-9. Head and pronotum, lateral view. 6. A. bellator (Fabricius). 7. A. pisina Brailovsky. 8. A. scorbutica (Fabricius). 9. A. tenebricosa Distant. 10-13. Male genital capsule, caudal view. 10. A. bellator (Fabricius). 11. A. pisina Brailovsky. 12. A. scorbutica (Fabricius). 13. A. tenebricosa Distant.
48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I] thank Cecil Smith (UGCA) for the loan of specimens, and Ernesto Barrera (UNAM) and Albino Luna (UNAM) for the illustrations.
LITERATURE CITED
Brailovsky, H. 1985. Revisidn del género Anasa Amyot-Serville (Hemiptera-Heteroptera- Coreidae-Coreinae-Coreini). Monogr. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nal. Auton. México 2: 1-266. Brailovsky, H. 1990. Un género nuevo y seis especies nuevas de coreidos neotropicales (Hemi- ptera-Heteroptera-Coreidae-Coreinae). Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Autén. México Ser.
Zool. 61: 257-278.
BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED
STABILITY IN MODEL POPULATIONS. L.D. Mueller & A. Joshi. 2001. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 08540. 319 pp. ppbk, $29.95; Cloth $79.50.
In this book, the authors examine current theories of population stability and show how recent laboratory research on model populations contributes to our understanding of population dynamics and the evolution of stability. They review the general theory of population stability and critically analyze techniques for inferring whether or not a given population is in balance.
MITES: ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND BEHAVIOR. D.E. Walter & H.C. Proctor, 1999. (Oxford University Press. 322 pp. Cloth $70.00.
This book surveys life cycles, feeding behavior, reproductive biology, and host associations of mites. Topics include: evolution of mites and other arachnids, mites in soil and water, mites on plants and animals, sperm transfer and reproduction, and mites as models of ecological and evolutionary theories.
PHEROMONES OF NON-LEPIDOPTERAN INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH AGRICULTURAL PLANTS. J. Hardie & A.K. Minks, eds. 1999. CABI Publishing. 466 pp. Cloth $140.00.
This book presents research from leading authorities on the most important insect groups (other than Lepidoptera) detailing the current progress of research within these groups.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 49
ON THE IDENTITY OF OTIORHYNCHUS SAYI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)!
Richard T. Thompson2
ABSTRACT: Study of the type of Otiorhynchus sayi Boheman, 1843 shows that it is an un- usual variant, and therefore a junior synonym, of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius, 1775) [New synonymy].
Otiorhynchus sayi Boheman is a forgotten species, the identity of which has never been established. Boheman (in Schonherr, 1843: 323) attributes the name to Chevrolat and gives the type locality as ‘America borealis’. It is listed as a valid species by Melsheimer (1853: 94), Gemminger and Harold (1871: 2267) and Lona (1938: 533). It is also listed in Sherborn (1930: 5764). LeConte and Horn (1876: 61) suggest that it may be a synonym of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius). Their doubts probably arose from the fact that O. sulcatus is a very common European species which Schonherr, in the same work (1843: 371), records as occurring in North America. If O. sayi was the same species, surely SchOnherr (and Chevrolat) would have recognized it?
Examination of the type material of O. sayi has shown that it is a variant form of O. sulcatus. Iam therefore able to confirm the synonymy proposed by LeConte and Horn.
The material standing as O. sayi in the Stockholm Museum comprises six specimens: four typical O. sulcatus, one O. singularis and one variant O. sulcatus which fits Boheman’s description and can be accepted as a syntype. I therefore make the following designation:
Lectotype of Otiorhynchus sayi Boheman, female, with “Typus’ (curator’s label), “Ot: Sayi Chevr./ Amer. bor. Chevr.’ (Schénherr’s hand) in the Swed- ish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. I have added a lectotype disc, a determination label showing the designation and another showing the syn- onymy.
The lectotype (Fig. 1) is small (8.2mm, rostrum excluded) and somewhat narrower than normal. The elytra are not flattened on the disc and they lack the pale scale-flecks of normal sulcatus. Close examination (Fig. 2) shows that patches of small whitish setiform scales are present but these are neither large enough nor dense enough to form visible flecks. In all other respects the specimen conforms with normal sulcatus (Figs 3, 4). When received, there was beneath the specimen a large mass of brown water-soluble glue to which the detached right hind leg was stuck (the left hind leg and right middle leg are missing). The specimen was immersed for three days in distilled water, to
! Received May 15, 2000. Accepted June 16, 2000. 2 Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, England.
ENT. NEWS 112(1): 49-51, January & February, 2001
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
50
Fig. 2 elytra.
Figs 1-2. Otiorhynchus sayi Boheman, lectotype female. Fig. 1 habitus;
; Fig. 4 elytra.
Figs 3-4. Otiorhyncus sulcatus (F.). English specimen (female). Fig. 3 habitus
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 51
which a trace of household detergent had been added. The glue dissolved, releasing the leg and revealing an insoluble ashy deposit, traces of which re- main on the specimen. Careful brushing removed loose dust but original ex- traneous material is still present, especially on the pronotum. The specimen was dried, pinned from below and the detached leg replaced. After photogra- phy the specimen was remounted on the original pin and the labels attached.
In a detailed study of O. sulcatus, Magnano (1978) has shown that the parthenogenetic and bisexual forms of this species differ morphologically. At first sight, it seems that the type of O. sayi could belong to the bisexual form but the eighth sternite (fortunately exposed) conforms closely with Magnano’s figures of the parthenogenetic form (especially Fig. 9) as would be expected in an expatriate population.
There is, in The Natural History Museum, a specimen taken at Weymouth, Nova Scotia in 1900 which closely resembles the type of O. sayi.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am very grateful to Bert Viklund of the Swedish Museum of Natural History for sending me Schénherr’s specimens and to the staff of The Natural History Museum Photographic Unit for preparing the photographs reproduced here as Figs 1-4.
LITERATURE CITED
Gemminger, M. and Baron E. von Harold. 1871. Curculionidae. Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus, vol. 8, pp. 2181-2668 + [12]. Monachii.
LeConte, J.L. and G.H. Horn. 1876. The Rhynchophora of America north of Mexico. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 15(96): xvi + 455.
Lona, C. 1938. Curculionidae: Otiorhynchinae III. Coleopt. Cat., pars 162, pp. 413-600.
Magnano, L. 1978. Appunti sulla rassa anfigonica e partenogenetica del’ Otiorhynchus (Dorymerus) sulcatus (F.). Bol. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Verona 5: 97-110.
Melsheimer, J.C. 1853. Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of the United States, xvi + 174pp. Washington.
Schonherr, J.C. 1843. Genera et species curculionidum cum synonymia hujus familiae, vol. 7, part 1, 479pp. Paris.
Sherborn, C.D. 1930. Index animalium sive index nominum quae ab A.D. MDCCLVIII generibus et speciebus animalium imposita sunt. Sectio secunda, 1801-1850, part 23, pp. 5703-5910. London.
52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
A NEW SPECIES OF DICENTROPTILUM (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE) FROM KENYA!
C. R. Lugo-Ortiz2, W. P. McCafferty3,4
ABSTRACT: Dicentroptilum clandestinum, new species (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), is described from Kenya and is unique in the genus Dicentroptilum by having dorsal abdominal tubercula- tion in the larval stage. The species is known as larvae only, and is distinguished from other species of Dicentroptilum by the presence of single, apically blunt, medial tubercles on ab- dominal terga 1-7; characteristic labrum, mandibles, and labial palp segment 2; the presence of procoxal papillae; and the specific color pattern of the abdomen. Dicentroptilum represents only the third genus of the Centroptiloides complex of Afrotropical genera to demonstrate the recurrent trait of dorsal abdomimal tuberculation.
Wuillot and Gillies (1994) erected the Afrotropical genus Dicentroptilum for D. decipiens (Gillies) (type of the genus), D. papillosum Wuillot, and D. spinulosum (Demoulin). Later, Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1998) added D. merina Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty. Dicentroptilum decipiens and D. papillosum are known from larvae and male adults (Gillies 1990, Wuillot and Gillies 1994), D. spinulosum is known from male adults (Demoulin 1970), and D. merina is known from larvae (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1998). Dicentroptilum decipiens, D. papillosum, and D. spinulosum have been re- ported from continental Africa, whereas D. merina is the only species of the genus reported from Madagascar (Demoulin 1970, Gillies 1990, Wuillot and Gillies 1994, Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1998).
Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty (1998) assigned Dicentroptilum to the Centroptiloides complex of Afrotropical genera because its larvae have two rows of denticles on the tarsal claws (Fig. 9; Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1998: Fig. 66). Within this complex, Dicentroptilum is distinguished by the presence of a medially raised, broad, and long labrum (Fig. 1; Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1998: Fig. 59) and a dorsal row of long, fine, simple setae on the tibiae and tarsi (Fig. 8; Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1998: Fig. 65).
Herein, we describe a distinctive new species of Dicentroptilum based on a unique larval specimen collected from Kenya by George and Christine Edmunds in 1971. The material upon which the new species is based demon- strates the presence of a significant feature and biodiversity previously not associated with the genus Dicentroptilum. Material examined is deposited in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection, West Lafayette, Indiana.
1 Received May 4, 2000. Accepted May 18, 2000.
2 Albany Museum, Department of Freshwater Invertebrates, Somerset Street, Grahamstown 6139, South Africa.
3 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. 4 From whom reprints should be requested.
ENT. NEWS 112(1): 52-55, January & February, 2001
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001
Nn Ww
Dicentroptilum clandestinum Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, NEW SPECIES
Larva. Body length: 8.5 mm; cerci length: 6.0 mm; median caudal filament length: 3.0 mm. Head: Coloration pale yellow-brown to medium brown; small, vermiform pale yellow- brown markings on vertex and large, round, pale yellow-brown marking on frons. Antennae approximately 1.5x length of head capsule. Labrum (Fig. 1) dorsally with submedial pair of long, fine, simple setae and anterior submarginal row of eight to nine long, fine, simple setae. Hypopharynx as in Figure 2. Left mandible (Fig. 3) with incisors with five denticles (two well defined, three poorly developed); prostheca robust, apically denticulate; tuft of short, fine, simple setae between prostheca and mola. Right mandible (Fig. 4) with outer set of incisors with two denticles, inner set with three poorly developed denticles; prostheca slender, apically bifid; tuft of short, fine, simple setae between prostheca and mola. Maxillae (Fig. 5) with four long, fine, simple setae near medial hump; palp segments subequal in length. Labium (Fig. 6) with glossae slightly shorter than paraglossae, medially and apically with long, fine, simple setae; paraglossae apically with abundant long, fine, simple setae, and few apically pectinate setae; palp segment | slightly shorter than segments 2 and 3 combined; palp segment 2 basally narrow, distomedially produced, with five long, fine, simple setae dorsally; palp segment 3 short, broadly subconical. Thorax: Coloration pale yellow-brown to medium brown, with com- plex markings. Pronotum with raised ridge along posterior margin; meso- and metanotum posteromedially with single, small, apically blunt tubercles. Procoxae (Fig. 7) with ventral pair of papillae. Legs (Fig. 8) pale yellow-brown to medium brown; femora dorsally with row of long, robust, simple setae and ventrally with minute, sharp, simple setae; tibiae dorsally with long, fine, simple setae and ventrally with minute, sharp, simple setae; tarsi dorsally with long, fine, simple setae and ventrally with row of robust, sharp, simple setae, increasing in length apically; tarsal claws (Fig. 9) with two rows of six blunt denticles each. Abdomen (Figs. 11, 12): Terga 1-7 with single, apically blunt, medial tubercles. Coloration pale yellow-brown to medium brown. Terga | and 2 with large posteromedial medium brown subtriangular marking; tergum 3 with large anteromedial medium brown oblong marking; tergum 4 with anteromedial pair of small medium brown oblong dots; tergum 5 with anteromedial triad of small medium brown oblong dots; tergum 6 with large posteromedial medium brown subtriangular marking; tergum 7 with anteromedial small medium brown round marking; tergum 8 with medial pair of small medium brown round dots; terga 9 and 10 yellow-brown, with medial pair of faint brown round dots. Sterna medium yellow-brown to pale brown. Gills (Fig. 10) well tracheated, mar- ginally serrate and with minute, fine, simple setae. Paraprocts with sharp spines, increasing slightly in size distally. Caudal filaments light brown; cerci without medial sinuosities.
Adult. Unknown.
Material examined. Holotype: Larva, Kenya, Marira River, near Meru, 22-XI-1971, G. F. and C. H. Edmunds [mouthparts, right foreleg, and gill 4 mounted on slide (medium: Euparal)].
Etymology. The specific epithet is from the Latin, meaning hidden.
Discussion. Dicentroptilum clandestinum is most easily distinguished from D. decipiens, D. merina, and D. papillosum by the presence of single, apically blunt, medial tubercles on terga 1-7 (Figs. 11, 12). Other features that, in com- bination, aid in distinguishing D. clandestinum include the dorsal setation of the labrum (Fig. 1), the denticulation of the mandibles (Figs. 3, 4), the mor- phology of labial palp segment 2 (Fig. 6), the presence of procoxal papillae (Fig. 7), and the coloration of the abdomen (Fig. 12).
Dicentroptilum clandestinum appears most closely related to D. papillosum. Both species have similar labial morphology (Fig. 6; Wuillot and Gillies 1994:
54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
11
Figs. 1-12. Dicentroptilum clandestinum, new species. 1. Labrum (dorsal). 2. Hypopharynx. 3. Left mandible. 4. Right mandible. 5. Left maxilla. 6. Labium (left-ventral; right-dorsal). 7. Procoxal papillae (pointer towards papillae). 8. Right foreleg. 9. Tarsal claw. 10. Gill 4. 11. Abdomen (lateral). 12. Abdomen (dorsal).
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 35
Fig. 8) and possess procoxal papillae (Fig. 7; Wuillot and Gillies 1994: Fig. 10). Interestingly, D. papillosum has a small medial tubercle on the metanotum (Wuillot and Gillies 1994: Fig. 12); however, in D. clandestinum, the metanotal tubercle is much more developed and erect (Fig. 11).
Superficially, the appearance of the larva of D. clandestinum, with its rather narrow body and long legs, is reminiscent of larvae of the southern African Baetis complex genus Demoreptus Lugo-Ortiz and McCaffery (1997).
The extensive development of dorsal abdominal tubercles in D. clan- destinum (Figs. 11, 12) is significant because such tuberculation has not been associated with the genus and indicates its additional presence in the Centroptiloides complex (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1998). The only genera within that complex previously known to have dorsal abdominal tubercles are Acanthiops Waltz and McCafferty and Thraulobaetodes Elouard and Hideux (Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1998, Elouard and Hideux 1991).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank G. F. Edmunds (Salt Lake City, Utah) for the donation of the material examined in this study. The South African National Research Foundation is thanked for providing funds to CRLO to conduct postdoctoral research at the Albany Museum, Grahamstown. The Direc- torate of Museums and Heritage (Eastern Cape Province, South Africa) is also thanked for providing research facilities. This paper has been assigned Purdue Agricultural Research Pro- gram Jounal No. 16266.
LITERATURE CITED
Demoulin, G. 1970. Ephemeroptera des faunes éthiopienne et malgache. S. African Anim. Life 14: 24-170.
Elouard, J. -M. and P. Hideux. 1991. Mayflies of West Africa. Thraulobaetodes, an atypical new genus of crawling Baetidae. Jn: J. Alba-Tercedor and A. Sanchez-Ortega (eds.), Over- view and strategies of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Sandhill Crane, Gainesville, FL.
Gillies, M. T. 1990. A revision of the African species of Centroptilum Eaton (Baetidae, Ephemeroptera). Aq. Insects 12: 97-128.
Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1997. A new genus and redescriptions for African species previously placed in Acentrella (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 99: 429-439.
Lugo-Ortiz, C. R. and W. P. McCafferty. 1998. The Centroptiloides complex of Afrotropical small minnow mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 91: 1-26.
Wuillot, J. and M. T. Gillies. 1994. Dicentroptilum, a new genus of mayflies (Baetidae, Ephemeroptera) from Africa. Aq. Insects 16: 133-140.
56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
NUNAVUT MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA) A SUPPLEMENT FOR FAR NORTHERN NORTH AMERICA! *?
R. P. Randolph, W. P. McCafferty4
ABSTRACT: Acentrella feropagus, Acerpenna pygmaea, Baetis bundyae, B. flavistriga, B. foemina, Diphetor hageni, Ephemerella aurivillii, Leptophlebia nebulosa, and Metretopus borealis are Ephemeroptera species found in the new northern Canadian province of Nunavut. Of these, B. foemina, L. nebulosa, and M. borealis, along with 43 other species occur in the newly restricted Northwest Territories. No species are endemic to Nunavut, but B. foemina is endemic to northern Canada.
McCafferty and Randolph (1998) reported 321 species of mayflies in Canada and provided an annotated checklist for each of the provinces and territories officially recognized at that time. Sixty-two mayfly species were reported from northern Canada (28 from the Yukon Territory and 52 from the Northwest Territories). From all of far northern North America (including Alaska), some 63 species are known (McCafferty 1985, 1994, McCafferty and Randolph 1998). In 1993, the Canadian government formally passed the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (NLCA), creating the new territory, Nunavut, for an area of land that represented a large eastern portion of the former North- west Territories (Fig. 1) (Salloum 1999). In 1999, the NLCA officially went into effect, and Nunavut became a recognized territory. Nunavut encompasses a 1.9 million square kilometer region (nearly 1/5 the area of Canada) but which harbors a human population of only about 25,000 (Anonymous 1999). It might also be noted that in the future many Nunavut locality names will revert to their original Inuit names.
The mayflies reported from the Northwest Territories by McCafferty and Randolph (1998) need to be revised to show species recorded from Nunavut. Nine of the 52 former Northwest Territories species are found in Nunavut. They include Acentrella feropagus Alba-Tercedor and McCafferty, Acerpenna pygmaea (Hagen), Baetis bundyae Lehmkuhl, B. flavistriga McDunnough, B. foemina McDunnough, Diphetor hageni (Eaton), Ephemerella aurivillii Bengtsson, Leptophlebia nebulosa (Walker), and Metretopus borealis (Eaton).
For the most part, initial locale records for Nunavut may be found under NW (Northwest Territories) under the species treatments in McCafferty and Randolph (1998). In the case of B. foemina, L. nebulosa, and M. borealis, which occur in both Nunavut and the Northwest Territories, additional records
| Received April 13, 2000; Accepted May 1, 2000.
2 Research supported by NSF grant (DEB-9901577).
3 This paper has been assigned Purdue Agricultural Research Program Journal Number 16259. 4 Dept. of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
ENT. NEWS 112(1): 56-58, January & February, 2001
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 57
NX ko Ss S PF Northwest LE >»
~ <4
x N
“nN
gt me
Ao . - ieee ww" - 1 1 1 = Re 1 =e -47--- ' t ' ~ N ad § c ? ae La (hy \ \ \ x ‘
Fig. 1. Map of Canada and Alaska, with Nunavut shaded.
that establish their presence in either Nunavut or the Northwest Territories may be found in McDunnough (1936), Wiens et al. (1975), Cobb and Flannagan (1980), and Harper and Harper (1981). The records for A. feropagus will appear under the former name, A. /apponica (Bengtsson) (Alba-Tercedor and McCafferty 2000). No mayfly species are endemic to Nunavut; however, B. foemina apparently is endemic to far northern Canada.
With respect to the northern North America distribution (northern Canada and Alaska) of the Nunavut mayflies, A. feropagus is also known from Alaska, B. bundyae from Alaska and the Yukon, B. foemina from the Northwest Terri- tories s.s., E. aurivillii from Alaska, L. nebulosa from the Northwest Territo- ries s.s.; and M. borealis from the Northwest Territories s.s. and the Yukon
(McCafferty and Randolph 1998). LITERATURE CITED
Alba-Tercedor, J. and W. P. McCafferty. 2000. Acentrella feropagus, new species (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae): formal new name for North American A. /apponica sensu Morihara and McCafferty. Entomol. News 111: 137-139.
Anonymous. 1999. New territory, Nunavut, is created. Facts on File 59: 233.
Cobb, D. G. and J. F. Flannagan. 1980. The distribution of Ephemeroptera in northern Canada. pp 155-166 in J. F. Flannagan and K. E. Marshall (eds). Advances in Ephemeroptera biol-
ogy. Plenum, NY. 552 p.
58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Harper, F. and P. P. Harper. 1981. Northern Canadian mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera), records and descriptions. Can. J. Zool. 59: 1784-1789.
McCafferty, W. P. 1985. The Ephemeroptera of Alaska. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 87: 381- 386.
McCafferty, W. P. 1994. Additions and corrections to the Ephemeroptera of Alaska. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 96: 177.
McCafferty, W. P. and R. P. Randolph. 1998. Canada mayflies: a faunistic compendium. Proc. ent. Soc. Ont. 129: 47-97.
McDunnough, J. 1936. A new arctic baetid (Ephemeroptera). Can. Entomol. 68: 33-34.
Salloum, H. 1999. Nunavut—Canada’s newest child. Contemp. Rev. 275: 80-84.
Wiens, A. P., D. M. Rosenberg, and N. B. Snow. 1975. Species list of aquatic plants and animals collected from the Mackenzie and Porcupine River watersheds from 1971-1973. Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. Tech. Rept. 557: 1-39.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 59
NEW RECORDS OF THE MILLIPED FAMILY PYRGODESMIDAE (POLYDESMIDA) FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES, WITH A SUMMARY OF THE FAUNA!
Rowland M. Shelley2, Sergei I. Golovatch>
ABSTRACT: Published records of the six pyrgodesmid millipeds in the United States are sum- marized and new ones are provided in detail. Poratia obliterata is newly recorded from the country along with the following new state records: Calyptodesmus sanctus from Alabama and Myrmecodesmus digitatus from Mississippi. A key and pertinent illustrations are provided to facilitate identifications.
The milliped family Pyrgodesmidae comprises small, ornate polydesmids that occur in the United States along the Gulf Coast from Texas to Florida, ranging inland some 150 miles (240 km) in Alabama. Four genera and six species are represented that are thought to be introduced from a more south- erly range in the Caribbean and Mexico/Central America (Hoffman 1999), We summarize published records from the United States and present new records discovered by the second author during museum research; a key is provided to facilitate identifications. Specimens are deposited in either the North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences (NCSM) or the Virginia Museum of Natural History (VMNH).
Key to Genera and Species of Pyrgodesmidae in the U.S. A.
1. Collum with 10 strongly incised, somewhat upturned, marginal scallops (occasionally
lateralmost scallops less deeply incised)............ BRON GLOT sey he cle stie oie cere eieienes oreaeronte 2 — Collum with 10 rather poorly incised marginal scallops ......................- 3 2. Adults with 19 segments, largely with three paranotal lobes on segments
NGS semen: cece eee ee eee. Ee... ee ce Poratia digitata (Porat) — Adults with 20 segments, largely with four paranotal lobes on segments
NGO=USi cree ts eee ee er ee ce eo nee ee Poratia obliterata (Kraus)
3. Ozopore formula normal (5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15...), porosteles present on segments 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, and 15; longitudinal crests of caudalmost terga absent or INCONSPLCUOUSeEN eee eee eters ecient ee ee aie eee 4
— Ozopore formula almost normal, ozopores/porosteles absent from segment 9; 2+2 middorsal longitudinal crests of caudalmost terga very conspicuous; with three lobes on 2nd paranota and two lobes on all subsequent paranota .. Myrmecodesmus.. 5
! Received July 19, 2000. Accepted July 19, 2000.
2 Research Laboratory, North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, 4301 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607 U.S. A.
3 Institute for Problems of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 33, Moscow 117071, Russia.
ENT. NEWS 112(1): 59-63, January & February, 2001
60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
4. Porostele-bearing segments mostly with two lobes anterior to porostele, 5th segment with only one, porosteles located at caudolateral corners of paranota; with three lobes on all nonporiferous segments until 15th, four on subsequent ones STAR: Neste ty Molese Petavcte Bae Pe Seed aah hs ba Bey Budi ss oye en Nene) as Psochodesmus crescentis Cook — With three lobes on 2nd paranota and two on remaining paranota; porosteles located befweenilobes) 2 ic seen titer depute sc aisntisiey tas Gigaas the ean Calyptodesmus sanctus Schubart 5. Caudalmost tubercles on segment 19 strongly dactyliform, produced caudad and considerably surpassing tip of epiproct, latter invisible dorsad By PRL SP PRIS SM Seats us, eeel Cee. ean une ees aety one Myrmecodesmus formicarius Silvestri — Caudalmost tubercles on segment 19 weakly dactyliform, almost reaching, to slightly surpassing, tip of epiproct, latter visible dorsad between tubercles sec shonRahead Beant rene exile top Shaw red CASPAR ho ape, spsuabemel aces Orme Myrmecodesmus digitatus (Loomis)
Species Records
Calyptodesmus sanctus Schubart, 1944.
Published records: FLORIDA, Alachua and Columbia cos. (Causey 1960 [as C. schubarti Causey], Hoffman 1993); said by Hoffman (1999) to be nearly statewide.
New records: (all collected by D. P. Wojcik, except where indicated, and deposited in the NCSM. Most samples contain numerous females, too many to count; males are unknown.): ALABAMA: Tallapoosa Co., ravine 4 mi. (6.4 km) SW Percyville, 2F, 24 July 1960, L. Hubricht (VMNH) New state record. FLORIDA, Clay Co., Middleburg, 4 February 1976. Duval Co., Maxville, 20 February 1976; and 2 mi (3.2 km) SW Jacksonville Beach, Dee Dot Ranch, 17 April 1973. Hernando Co., Brooksville, 17 November 1975. Highlands Co., Avon Park, 18 August 1978. Hillsborough Co., Lutz, 31 July 1975. Jefferson Co., Capps, 8 September 1974, D. M. Hicks, J. K. Plumley. Leon Co., Tall Timbers Res. Sta., 8 September 1974; and 5 mi. (8 km) E Tallahassee, Southwood Plantation, 9 October 1974. Levy Co., Otter Creek, 3 October 1975. Marion Co., Belleview, 9 April 1975; and Summerfield, 30 April 1980. Pasco Co., Zephyrhills, 17 November 1975. St. Lucie Co., Ft. Pierce Beach, 1 November 1975; and Ft. Pierce, edge of Savannah’s City Park, 9 May 1976. Taylor Co., Perry, 9 May 1976. GEORGIA, Glynn Co., Blythe Island, 17 January 1977. Grady Co., Rocky Hill, Birdsong Plantation, 27 January 1977. Turner Co., Asburn, 26 April 1972.
Myrmecodesmus digitatus (Loomis, 1959) Published records: LOUISIANA, Allen Par., between Kinder and LeBlanc (Loomis 1959). New record: MISSISSIPPI, Hancock Co., lakeshore along railroad, F, 16 March 1968, L. Hubricht (VMNH) New state record.
Myrmecodesmus formicarius Silvestri, 1910. Figs. 1-2.
Published records: TEXAS, Cameron Co., “Rabb Ranch” nr. Southmost (Loomis 1959); Goliad Co., Goliad St. Pk. (Hoffman 1973); Guadeloupe Co., nr. Guadeloupe R. at Sequin (Hoffman 1973). LOUISIANA, Plaquemines Par., Venice (Loomis 1944; Hoffman 1973, 1999). FLORIDA, Calhoun Co. (as M. digitatus) (Hoffman 1999).
New records: LOUISIANA, Orleans Par., New Orleans, 523 Henry Clay, in moist oak litter, 3M, 4F, 1 juv., 30 December 1974, M. R. Cooper (NCSM). Pointe Coupee Par., nr. Lottie, 1 mi. (1.6 km) N jet. La. hwy. 81 and US hwy. 190, MM, FF, 12 May 1960, H. F. & E. M. Loomis (VMNH).
Poratia obliterata (Kraus, 1960).
Published records: None.
New record: GEORGIA, Glynn Co., nr. Brunswick, St. Simons I., rd. to Fort Frederica, pine-oak association, F, juv. F, 19 June 1977, R. L. Hoffman (VMNH). New state and country record.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 61
a x "2 Z 1“ owe eteheen.
wae mmm ance eeeet m*
acc set 2bere cog og
Figs. 1-2. 1-2, Myrmecodesmus formicarius. 1, collum and 2nd segment, dorsal view. 2, 5th segment, lateral view, arrow denoting the porostele. 3, Poratia digitata, anterior margin of collum, dorsal view.
62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Remarks. Poratia obliterata is a new record for the United States. The species has hitherto been recorded from Brazil (Amazonia) (bisexual popula- tions), Costa Rica (VMNH, bisexual populations), and a greenhouse in Ger- many (parthenogenetic population) (Adis et al. 2000, Golovatch and Sierwald 2001). Based on geographic evidence, the Georgia population, obviously in- troduced, can be expected to be all female (thelytokous), but more material is necessary to confirm this assumption.
Poratia digitata (Porat, 1889) Fig. 3.
Published records. FLORIDA, Dade Co., Miami (Loomis 1973, Hoffman 1999), U. S. VIRGIN ISLANDS, St. John, Hawksnest Bay area (Loomis 1970, Hoffman 1999).
New records. None.
Remarks. This basically European greenhouse species has been reported from the United States under the synonyms Poratioides virginalis Loomis, 1970 (Virgin Islands) and Poratioides disparatus Loomis, 1973 (Florida) (Golovatch and Sierwald 2001). All samples are of thelytokous populations; the source area, presumably in Central America, remains dubious (Golovatch and Sierwald 2001).
Psochodesmus crescentis Cook, 1896.
Published records: FLORIDA, Putnam Co., Crescent City, and between Crescent City and Palatka (Cook 1896, Loomis 1934). Indian River Co., Vero Beach (Loomis 1934). Dade Co., Miami, Coconut Grove (Loomis 1934). Southern two-thirds of Florida peninsula (Hoffman 1999).
New records. None.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank R. L. Hoffman for access to the VMNH collections. The second author’s visit to the United States was supported by the Robert O. Bass Visiting Scientist Fund of the Field Museum of Natural History. Figs. 1-3 were prepared by Renaldo G. Kuhler, NCSM Scientific Illustrator.
LITERATURE CITED
Adis, J., S. I. Golovatch, L. Wilck, and B. Hansen. 2000. On the identities of Muyudesmus obliteratus Kraus, 1960 versus Poratia digitata (Porat, 1889), with first biological obser- vations on bisexual and parthenogenetic populations (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Pyrgodesmidae). Fragm. Faun. PAN, Suppl., 43: in press.
Causey, N. B. 1960. The neotropical millipeds in Florida, including Calyptodesmus schubarti, n. sp. (Stylodesmidae: Polydesmida). Fla. Entomol., 43:147-150.
Cook, O. F. 1896. Cryptodesmus and its allies. Brandtia, 5:19-28.
Golovatch, S. I., and P. Sierwald. 2001. Revision of the millipede genus Poratia Cook & Cook, 1894 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Pyrgodesmidae). Arthropoda Selecta, 9, in press.
Hoffman, R. L. 1973. A note on the milliped genera Myrmecodesmus and Ilyma (Polydesmida: Stylodesmidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 86:511-516.
Hoffman, R. L. 1993. Status of Calyptodesmus schubarti Causey, 1960, a myrmecophilous milliped (Polydesmida: Pyrgodesmidae). Insecta Mundi, 7:191-192.
Hoffman, R. L. 1999. Checklist of the Millipeds of North and Middle America. VA Mus. Nat. Hist., Spec. Publi. No. 8:1-584.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 63
Loomis, H. F. 1934. Millipeds of the West Indies and Guiana collected by the Allison V. Armour Expedition in 1932. Smithson. Misc. Col., 89:1-69.
Loomis, H. F. 1944. Millipeds principally collected by Professor V. E. Shelford in the eastern and southeastern states. Psyche, 5/:166-177.
Loomis, H. F. 1959. Millipeds collected enroute from Florida to San Antonio, Texas, and vicinity. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 49:157-163.
Loomis, H. F. 1970. Millipeds of St. John, U. S. Virgin Islands, and a new species from Puerto Rico. Fla. Entomol., 53:129-134.
Loomis, H. F. 1973. Poratioides disparatus, a tiny new stylodesmid milliped from south Fla., mostly represented by females. Florida Entomol., 56:321-323.
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FIRST ISOLATION OF A SPIROPLASMA (MOLLICUTES: SPIROPLASMATACEAE) FROM BITING MIDGES (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)'
Mark F. Frana2, Gail E. Gasparich>, William L. Grogan, Jr.2
ABSTRACT: A survey of biting midges during 1997 in Maryland for the presence of the cell wall-less prokaryotes, Spiroplasma, yielded an isolate (GNAT3597) from the ceratopogonid genus Atrichopogon. This is the first report of a biting midge-spiroplasma association and preliminary serological comparisons with all other spiroplasma isolates for which antisera are available indicate that GNAT3597 is an undescribed species.
Spiroplasmas are helical, cell wall-less prokaryotes belonging to the class Mollicutes. They have a small genome size (941-2200 kbp), and are associ- ated with insect and tick hosts, where they inhabit the hemocoel, the gut and other tissues (Hackett et al. 1990). Since the first spiroplasma was isolated and cultivated (Saglio et al.1973), more than 1000 spiroplasma isolates have been obtained (Hackett et al. 1990; Hackett and Clark 1989; French et al. 1990).
The discovery of the first spiroplasma pathogen of insects in honeybees was reported by Clark (1977). Several spiroplasmas have subsequently been shown to be widespread as commensals or pathogens in their insect hosts, most of which are from holometabolous groups such as Diptera, Hymenoptera or Coleoptera (Hackett and Clark 1989; Clark 1982; Clark et al. 1984). In Diptera, they have been recorded from several genera of mosquitoes (Culli- cidae) (Chastel and Humphery-Smith 1991), from a single species of flower fly (Syrphidae) (Whitcomb et al. 1996), and from several genera of deer and horse flies (Tabanidae) (Whitcomb et al. 1997).
In light of previous isolations of spiroplasmas from three other families of Diptera, we began attempts to isolate these organisms from biting and preda- ceous midges (Ceratopogonidae). Herein we provide details of the first isola- tion of these mollicutes from the ceratopogonid genus Atrichopogon, and this isolate appears to be an undescribed species of Spiroplasma. Detailed infor- mation on the life cycle of Atrichopogon, including illustrations of immature stages, are presented in Ewen and Saunders (1958) and Boesel and Snyder (1944).
| Received December 23, 1999. Accepted July 5, 2000.
2 Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury State University, Salisbury, Maryland 21801 (MFFrana e-mail: mffrana@ssu.edu; WLGrogan e-mail: wlgrogan@ssu.edu).
3 Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252 (e-mail: ggasparich @towson.edu).
ENT. NEWS 112(1): 64-70, January & February, 2001
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 65
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection, Identification and Processing of Biting Midges
Insects were captured with a standard New Jersey light trap into saline solution from the environs of Salisbury, Wicomico County, Maryland. Other small Diptera were field collected from flowers and vegetation with a fine- mesh insect net and aspirated into plastic vials, either refrigerated or frozen, and subsequently placed in saline. The saline solution consisted of Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered salt solution (Cellgro™) to which Penicillin G (1000 units/500 ml) and several drops of a surfactant (Tween 20) were added. Cerato- pogonids were removed from collected material and sorted in the saline solu- tion using a dissecting microscope, identified to genus or species, and trans- ferred to snap-cap culture tubes containing fresh saline. If collections yielded large numbers of specimens, they were processed immediately; if not, speci- mens were pooled in lots of up to 100 individuals, and chilled or frozen for later processing.
Since spiroplasmas and entomoplasmas are known inhabitants of insect gut tissues, other researchers have extracted the entire gut or portions thereof from large insects for their mollicute isolation attempts (Markham et al. 1983; Wedincamp et al. 1996). Due to the small size of biting midges, we ground up entire insects, often in pooled samples of up to 100 individuals if large num- bers were available, similar to what others had done when attempting to iso- late mollicutes from mosquitoes (Chastel et al. 1990; Chastel and Humphery- Smith 1991). Midges were transferred from storage vials to depressions in white porcelain plates, surface sterilized with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 20-30 seconds, and immediately rinsed 3 times with sterile distilled water. Specimens were finely ground in porcelain plate depressions, using the sanded end of a glass rod and a small amount of Ry medium (Chang 1989). The resulting mixture was extracted with a hypodermic needle and syringe into the remaining portion of about 2 ml of Ro, filtered through 0.2 um filters, and the filtrate was deposited in sterile snap-cap culture tubes. Tubes were incu- bated at 26-30° C for up to one month and checked periodically for a pH change (color change from clear red to clear yellow), indicating the presence of mollicutes. Tubes that became contaminated with other microbes typically turned cloudy yellow or whitish and were discarded. Voucher specimens of the Atrichopogon are in WLG’s synoptic collection of biting midges at Salisbury State University (SSU) and isolates of our Spiroplasma are maintained at SSU and Towson University (TU).
Cultivation Techniques
The isolate was grown in primary culture (Markham et al. 1983) and was subsequently triple cloned (Tully 1983) in M1D medium (MID) (Whitcomb 1983). Growth of the organisms was determined by the phenol red indicator
66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
color changes as described above, which are caused by acidic metabolic waste products excreted by the mollicutes, and by examining the cultures using dark- field microscopy at 450X and 1000X to determine microbial activity and helicity. Cultures were maintained by regular 1:10 dilution passes into MID. Growth in MID containing penicillin at 1000 units/ml indicates penicillin in- sensitivity, a primary characteristic of spiroplasmas (Whitcomb et al. 1987).
Serological Analysis
A spiroplasma deformation test (DF) (Williamson et al. 1978) was per- formed to compare the new midge isolate with all previously described spiroplasmas type strains for which antisera are available (Williamson et al. 1998). Hyperimmune antisera to this set of previously established Spiroplasma species were obtained from reference collections at TU. For the DF test, 50 pl of diluted antiserum (1:10) was added to each well on a microtiter plate. Then, 50 ul of our Spiroplasma isolate culture was added to each well to give a final dilution of 1:20. Cultures of this isolate were allowed to incubate for 30 min.., and drops of the culture were placed on a clean slide, covered with an 18-mm cover glass and viewed at 1000X using dark-field microscopy. Controls con- sisted of adding our isolate to wells without antisera. Positive deformation tests were performed using spiroplasma strains EA-1, DF-1 and TAAS-1 against their respective antisera. A specific homologous antiserum deformed spiro- plasma cells into spheroidal grape-like forms, which could be readily identi- fied. Quantitative relationships among various sera dilutions were determined by dark-field microscopy, and samples containing sera dilutions and a mea- sured number of organisms were kept constant.
RESULTS Table 1 presents genera and/or species of 409 biting midges processed
TABLE 1. Biting midges examined for the presence of spiroplasmas during 1997.
Genus/species Subfamily Tribe No. processed Atrichopogon geminus+levis Forcipomyiinae Forcipomyiini ZI9* Forcipomyia (F.) bystraki nf BA 6 Forcipomyia (F.) sp. ¥ i 19 F. (Caloforcipomyia) glauca i i 26 Culicoides sp. Ceratopogoninae Culicoidini 86 Downeshelea stonei c Ceratopogonini + Monohelea bifurcata i 2 Stilobezzia stonei i ? 3 Clinohelea bimaculata ‘ Heteromyiini 1 Bezzia nobilis is Palpomyiini ] Palpomyia plebeja rs fs 1 Phaenobezzia opaca Ke ry ]
Total processed 409 * indicates sample that yielded GNAT3597
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 67
during 41 separate isolation attempts during 1997, of which only one pooled sample (males and females) of 33 specimens of Atrichopogon was positive for the presence of spiroplasmas, herein designated as GNAT3597. Growth of GNAT3597 in media containing penicillin (Rz and MID) and examination under dark-field microscopy revealed the characteristic helical morphology and motility characteristic of spiroplasmas. In addition, serological assays were performed against all available spiroplasma antisera series, none of which cross- reacted with GNAT3597.
DISCUSSION
This is the first report of spiroplasmas from Ceratopogonidae. Our pre- liminary serological analyses suggest that GNAT3597 is an undescribed spe- cies of Spiroplasma. At least 4 different species of spiroplasmas are known from mosquitoes (Williamson et al. 1998), which are closely related to biting midges, as both families are members of the infraorder Culicomorpha of Nematocera, the more primitive suborder of Diptera (Wood and Borkent 1989). Because spiroplasma infection rates in Culicidae are typically less than 10%, all of these mosquito spiroplasmas were obtained from pooled samples of 20 or more individuals that were processed at one time (Chastel and Humphery- Smith 1991). Spiroplasmas are more readily isolated from abdominal viscera of Tabanidae and Syrphidae, members of the more derived suborder of Diptera (Brachycera), with an overall infection rate of about 50% (French et al. 1990). Presently, 14 different species of spiroplasmas are known from tabanids and one species is known from a flower fly (Williamson et al. 1998). Our discov- ery suggests that spiroplasmas will prove to be even more widespread among other families of Diptera.
Atrichopogon levis (Coquillett) is a widespread biting midge in North America, that is often so common in suitable habitats, including residential lawns, that Boesel and Snyder (1944) nicknamed it “the grass punky”. Due to variation within A. levis, Boesel (1973) proposed the new species, A. geminus, and noted that all of the specimens studied and illustrated by Boesel and Snyder (1944), actually pertain to A. geminus. However, in order to accurately distin- guish between these two very similar species, specimens must be mounted on microscope slides, and detailed measurements obtained for several sections of the wings of both sexes (Boesel 1973). Obviously, this was impossible for those specimens that were processed for isolation of spiroplasmas. Several individuals of both sexes from our collection sites were slide-mounted in Canada balsam (Wirth and Marston 1968) and compared with material in the SSU synoptic collection of ceratopogonids. Both species were present in our field- collected material, but, A. /evis was much more common than A. geminus. Because of the very real difficulty in distinguishing between individual speci- mens belonging to these two apparently sibling species, no attempts were
68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
to distinguish the specimens that were processed, and we have referred to all specimens in this study as A. geminus + levis.
Adult females of most species of Atrichopogon have well developed man- dibles and maxillae which they employ as ectoparasites to obtain a blood meal from other insects (Wirth 1956b). For example, species in the subgenus Meloehelea are ectoparasites of blister beetles (Meloidae) (Wirth 1956a, 1980). Females of other species of Atrichopogon with well developed mandibles and maxillae are presumed ectoparasites of other insects, but feeding records are unknown for these (Wirth 1979, 1994). However, females of some Atrichopogon have vestigial mandibles and maxillae that resemble these struc- tures in nonblood-feeding males. Such is the case with females of A. geminus and A. levis, which are autogenous and capable of producing an egg clutch from food reserves obtained as larvae. As in all other ceratopogonids, both sexes of these nonblood-feeding species of Atrichopogon obtain nectar from flowers.
An understanding of how ceratopogonids acquire spiroplasmas is impor- tant, particularly if they have potential as a pathogenic agent, and there are several possibilities. Boesel and Snyder (1944) made detailed observations of the feeding habits of the larvae of A. geminus (as A. levis) that they reared on algal covered pieces of soil. Therefore, larval Atrichopogon may become in- fected with spiroplasmas when they graze on algae. Adult females that are ectoparasites of blister beetles may become infected from their hosts’ hemolymph. Finally, adults may infect themselves as they probe flowers for nectar or sponge honeydew excreted by Homoptera on leaf surfaces.
In the case of GNAT3597, we rule out the possibility that these adult Atrichopogon became infected from the hemolymph of other insects because both sexes are incapable of taking blood meals. We have recently obtained a spiroplasma isolate from an all-male pooled sample of the predaceous midge genus, Monohelea (unpublished). This discovery suggests that males or fe- males (or both) in our mixed sample of Atrichopogon may have been the source of GNAT3597. Although larvae of Atrichopogon may become infected with spiroplasmas as a result of their feeding on algae, we are not confident that they do so. Given that many species of spiroplasmas are known inhabitants of vascular plants, the most likely hypothesis is that biting midges become in- fected as adults from flowers or leaf surfaces.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The antisera used in the preliminary serological analyses were produced by J. G. Tully, NIH-AID Mycoplasmology Laboratory, Frederick, MD (now stored at TU). Special thanks are due to Frank French who supplied us with Rz media and provided numerous helpful suggestions on laboratory techniques. We also thank F. French, A. Scarbrough and three anonymous reviewers for their helpful reviews of an earlier draft of the manuscript.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 69
LITERATURE CITED
Boesel, M. W. 1973. The genus Atrichopogon (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in Ohio and neigh- boring states. Ohio J. Sci. 73:202-215.
Boesel, M. W. and E. G. Snyder. 1944. Observations on the early stages and life history of the grass punky, Atrichopogon levis (Coquillett) (Diptera: Heleidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 37:37-46.
Chang, C. J. 1989. Nutrition and cultivation of spiroplasmas. pp. 201-241 Jn: R. F. Whitcomb and J. G. Tully (Eds.). The Mycoplasmas. Vol. 5. Academic Press. San Diego, CA.
Chastel, C., B. Gilot, F. Le Goff, B. Devau, G. Kerdraon, I. Humphery-Smith, and A.-M. Simitzix-Le Flohic. 1990. New developments in the ecology of mosquito spiroplasmas. Zbl. Bakteriol. 20:455-460.
Chastel, C. and I. Humphery-Smith. 1991. Mosquito spiroplasmas. Adv. Dis. Vector Res. 7:149-206.
Clark, T. B. 1977. Spiroplasma sp., a new pathogen in honey bees. J. Invert. Pathol. 29:112- 113:
Clark, T. B. 1982. Diversity of arthropod reservoirs and host-parasite relationships. Science 217:57-59.
Clark, T. B., B. V. Peterson, R. F. Whitcomb, R. B. Henegar, K. J. Hackett, and J. G. Tully. 1984. Spiroplasmas in Tabanidae. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 20:1001-1005.
Ewen, A. B. and L. G. Saunders. 1958. Contributions toward a revision of the genus Atrichopogon based on characters of all stages (Diptera, Heleidae). Can. J. Zool. 36:672- 724.
French, F. E., R. F. Whitcomb, J. G. Tully, K. J. Hackett, E. A. Clark, R. B. Henegar, and D. L. Rose. 1990. Tabanid spiroplasmas of the southeastern USA: New groups and corre- lation with host life history strategy. Zbl. Bakteriol. Suppl. 20:441-444.
Hackett, K. J. and T. B. Clark. 1989. The ecology of spiroplasmas. Jn: R. F. Whitcomb and T. G. Tully, Eds, The Mycoplasmas. Vol. V. pp. 113-200. Academic Press, Inc. New York, New York.
Hackett, K. J., R. F. Whitcomb, R. B. Henegar, A. C. Wagner, E. A. Clark, J. G. Tully, F. Molina, W. McKay, and P. Santini. 1990. Mollicute diversity in arthropod hosts. Abl. Bakt. Suppl. 20:441-454.
Markham, P. G., T. B. Clark, and R. F. Whitcomb. 1983. Culture techniques for spiroplasmas from arthropods. Methods Mycoplasmol. 2:217-223.
Saglio, P., M. L’Hospital, D. Lafleche, G. Dupont, J. M. Bove, J. G. Tully, and E. A. Freundt. 1973. Spiroplasma citri gen. and sp. n.: a mycoplasma-like organism associated with “stub- born” disease of citrus. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 23:191-204.
Tully, J. G. 1983. Cloning and filtration techniques for mycoplasmas. Meth. Mycoplasmol. 1:173-177.
Wedincamp, J., F. E. French, R. F. Whitcomb, and R. B. Henegar. 1996. Spiroplasmas and entomoplasmas (Procaryotae: Mollicutes) associated with tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) and fireflies (Lampyridae: Coleoptera). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 68:183-186.
Whitcomb, R. F. 1983. Culture media for spiroplasmas. Methods Mycoplasmol. 1:147-158.
Whitcomb, R. R., J. M. Bove, T. A. Chen, J. G. Tully, and D. L. Williamson. 1987. Pro- posed criteria for an interim serogroup classifcation for members of the genus Spiroplasma
(Class Mollicutes). Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37:82-84.
Whitcomb, R. F., F. E. French, J. G. Tuily, P. Carle, R. Henegar, K. J. Hackett, G. E. Gasparich, and D. L. Williamson. 1997. Spiroplasma species, groups, and subgroups from North American Tabanidae. Curr. Microbiol. 20:1-8.
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Whitcomb, R. F., G. E. Gasparich, F. E. French, J. G. Tully, D. L. Rose, P. Carle, J. M. Bove, R. B. Henegar, M. Konai, K. J. Hackett, J. R. Adams, T. B. Clark, and D. L. Williamson. 1996. Spiroplasma syrphidicola sp. nov., from a syrphid fly (Diptera: Syrphidae). Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46:797-801.
Whitcomb, R. F., F. E. French, J. G. Tully, G. Gasparich, D. L. Rose, P. Carle, J. M Bove, R. B. Henegar, M. Konai, K. J. Hackett, J. Adams, T. B. Clark, and D. L. Williamson. 1997. Spiroplasma chrysopicola sp. nov., Spiroplasma gladiatoris sp. nov., Spiroplasma helicoides sp. nov., and Spiroplasma tabanidicola sp. nov., from tabanid (Diptera: Taban- idae) flies. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47:713-719.
Williamson, D. L., R. F. Whitcomb, and J. G. Tully. 1978. The spiroplasma deformation test, a new serological method. Curr. Microbiol. 1:203-207.
Williamson, D. L., R. F. Whitcomb, J. G. Tully, G. E. Gasparich, D. L. Rose, P. Carle, J. M. Bove, K. J. Hackett, J. R. Adams, R. B. Henegar, M. Konai, C. Chastel, and F. E. French. 1998. Revised group classification of the genus Spiroplasma. Int. J. Sys. Bact. 48:1-12.
Wirth, W. W. 1956a. The biting midges ectoparasitic on blister beetles (Diptera, Heleidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 58:15-23.
Wirth, W. W. 1956b. New species and records of biting midges ectoparasitic on insects (Diptera, Heleidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 49:356-364.
Wirth, W. W. 1979. Lectotype designations and redescriptions of two species of North Ameri- can Atrichopogon (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Entomol. News 90:231-235.
Wirth, W. W. 1980. A new species and corrections in the Atrichopogon midges of the subge- nus Meloehelea attacking blister beetles (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 82:124-139.
Wirth, W. W. 1994. The subgenus Atrichopogon (Lophomyidium) with a revision of the Ne- arctic species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Insecta Mundi 8:17-36.
Wirth, W. W. and N. Marston. 1968. A method for mounting small insects on microscope slides in Canada balsam. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 61:783-84.
Wood, D. M. and A. Borkent. 1989. Phylogeny and classification of the Nematocera. Chapter 14, pp. 1333-1370. Jn: Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 3. Agric. Can. Mong. 32. vi + pp. 1333-1581.
Vol. 112, No. 1, January & February, 2001 71
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BREEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE SPIDER GLENOGNATHA HELEIOS (ARANEAE: TETRAGNATHIDAE)!
R.L. Edwards2, C.W. Senske3
In collections of storm tide detritus (wrack) from Great Sippiwisset Marsh, West Falmouth, Barnstable County, Massachusetts, made on January 1, 2000, the tetragnathid spider Glenognatha heleios Hormiga, known from New Jersey, was found. Five adult males, 35 adult females, and one penultimate male were taken from approximately 2 m? of wrack. Two males were missing tegula on one palpus but retained the cymbium and paracymbium. At the time of these collec- tions, the breeding habits of other spiders from the marsh were being studied, and it was de- cided to see if adult G. heleios would also breed. Three individuals of each sex were separately placed in 5O mm Petri dishes with absorbent pads (Fisher Scientific No. 09-753-53 C) and kept at 20° C. The pads were moistened with two drops of water. The specimens were fed with vestigial-winged fruit flies (Drosophila), and small sand fleas (Orchestia sp.), both of which they ate. Occasionally the spiders moved around on the bottom of the Petri dish, making a little webbing with no obvious structure. Detailed observations were carried out with a Bausch & Lomb Stereo-Zoom 7® binocular microscope.
When males were placed with females (two instances) on January 2, the two sexes came together almost immediately, and so precipitously at first that it appeared to be an attack. The male, in one instance, gripped both chelicerae of the female firmly with his chelicerae on the frontal surface with the fangs around and behind the female’s chelicerae. In the second in- stance, the male gripped only one of the female’s chelicerae.
In the first instance, the male pushed the female into an almost upright position and began probing with the left palpus for the left side of the epigynium. Once located, five insertions of lengthy duration (+ 30 seconds) followed with the hematodocha remaining expanded. After four minutes, the hematodocha deflated and the right palpus was inserted into the right side of the epigynum. This was followed by 18 slow, rhythmic inflations without removing the embo- lus. The male occasionally pushed the female back with third and fourth legs. The female also occasionally touched the tegulum with her third leg. For the next two hours, the embolus re- mained inserted, with the hematodocha regularly, but slowly, pulsing from deflated to fully inflated in five to eight seconds, remaining fully expanded for longer periods (up to one minute after two hours). As the duration of the expansions increased, the legs tended to straighten with the expansion of the hematodocha, and conversely relax and curl up with deflation. Eventually, the male’s grip on the female became even looser, and shortly thereafter they separated with much struggling. One egg sac was produced on 25 Jan., with an outer, white, fluffy covering, 7 X 5 mm, lenticular and fastened to the side of the dish. Inside was a denser but still fluffy layer of silk, also white. This sac had the appearance and shape of that of Leucauge venusta (Walckenaer) illustrated in Levi 1980, (Plate 3, p. 24). When opened on 10 February, the egg sac contained 12 amber colored, 0.5 mm developing eggs.
In the second instance, the legs of the mating pair were loosely engaged, with the fourth pair mostly in contact. The male had difficulty inserting the right palpus, but then succeeded in inserting the left. Once insertion occurred the embolus remained in place for nearly two hours. Initially, the hematodocha ‘pulsed’ at a rate of + 4 seconds for nearly 30 minutes, after which a
! Received March 30, 2000. Accepted July 5, 2000. 2 P.O. Box 505, Woods Hole, MA 02453, USA. 3 3077 Knockles Road, Green Lane, PA 18054, USA.
ENT. NEWS 112(1): 71-72, January & February, 2001
72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
longer inflation-deflation cycle of three to four minutes occurred for the next 70 minutes. Shortly thereafter, the female began to struggle to disengage. The chelicerae were only loosely held by either sex, and the male was forced to withdraw the embolus and momentarily separate from the female. The male regained the mating position almost immediately and again inserted the left embolus. After four brief inflations they separated again for the last time. An egg sac was produced on 27 January, in structure exactly as the first, and contained 9 eggs. The eggs were well advanced when the egg sac was opened on 12 February.
Barrows’ (1919) description of the mating of Glenognatha foxi (McCook) is similar to that of G. heleios Hormiga but differs in one particular feature, namely the description of alternate insertions; “the male inserts the palpal organs alternately, keeping each in- serted for perhaps five minutes,” and that “This copulation occupied about fifteen min- utes, during which time each bulb was inserted twice.” In our two observations, after some trial and error with one palp, only the other palp was fully utilized, and the embolus remained inserted for more than two hours. Further, there appeared to be no attempt on the part of either sex to “grasp each other with their legs”. Barrows’ fig. 2 ( page 211) is generally the way our spiders appeared, with the slight exception that the tegulum of the free palp was held much closer to the eyes of the male.
In their New Jersey marsh study, Hormiga and Doébel (1990) found just a few adults as late as June, with the juveniles peaking in August. Adults reappeared from September on. Our spiders were ready to mate in January, perhaps because we provided temperatures in the labo- ratory more like those in the marsh in early spring. The missing tegulum of two of the males collected may indicate these spiders had mated earlier.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Eric H. Edwards assisted in the observations and kindly critiqued the first draft.
LITERATURE CITED
Barrows, W. M. 1919. The taxonomic position of Mysmena bulbifera (Glenognatha bulbifera) Banks, with some observations on its habits. Ohio J. Science, 19(3):210-212.
Hormiga, G. and H. G. Dobel. 1990. A new Glenognatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) from New Jersey, with redescriptions of G. centralis and G. minuta. Jour. Arachnol., 18:195-204.
Levi, H. W. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae North of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 149(1):1-75.
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E 33 iption of mature larvae of Megachile rotundata, FA) T. apicalis, and their parasite, Coelioxys rufo- udata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) F.Torres.S.F.Gayubo 73 §} Caddisfly (Trichoptera) records from Apache National Forest, eastern Arizona David C. Houghton = 85 Genera of Psocoptera new to Mexico Alfonso N. Garcia Aldrete 94 A Nearctic pest of Pinaceae accidentally introduced into Europe: Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in northern Italy S.J. Taylor, G. Tescari, M. Villa 101 The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of South Dakota B.O. Huntsman, R.W. Baumann, B.C. Kondratieff 104 Body size and survivorship in overwintering populations of Porcellio laevis (Isopoda: Oniscidea) S.L. Kight, M. Martinez, A. Merkulov 112
Notes on distribution of Epipompilus pulcherrimus
(Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) H.E. Evans, J. Wiley 119 Name of type species of Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae):
an historical footnote F. Christian Thompson 125 On adult feeding of several European stoneflies
(Plecoptera) J.M. Tierno Figueroa, R. Fochetti 130 Two new species of Parallaxis (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
from Central America Paul H. Freytag 135
A study on genus Agiommatus (Hymenoptera:
Pteromalidae) from China, with description
of one new species Xiao Hui, Huang Da-Wei 138 SCIENTIFIC NOTES
Distribution and orthography associated with some poorly known North American mayflies
(Ephemeroptera) W.P. McCafferty 121 Uncommonly collected mosquitoes from Florida Keys Lawrence J. Hribar 123
First records of waterscorpion Curicta scorpio (Hemiptera: Nepidae) in Nuevo Leon, Mexico H. Quiroz, V.A. Rodriguez, R. Gonzalez, C. Solis, A. Contreras 124
New Ephemeroptera records from
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SOCIETY MEETING OF OCTOBER 25, 2000 129
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Vol. 112, No. 2, March & April, 2001 73
DESCRIPTION OF MATURE LARVAE OF MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA, M. APICALIS, AND THEIR PARASITE, COELIOXYS RUFOCAUDATA (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAEF)!
F. Torres,2 S. F. Gayubo2
ABSTRACT: A description is offered of the mature larvae of two leaf-cutter bees: Megachile apicalis and M. rotundata as well as of their natural enemy Coelioxys rufocaudata com- paring them with the previously described larvae of the genera Megachile and Coelioxys, respectively. The most outstanding morphological aspects are the presence of tegumental microspicules in M. rotundata and C. rufocaudata, with a different arrangement in each of them, and the mandibular morphology of C. rufocaudata, with strong superficial setae and a marked tooth on the cuspal area.
Megachile apicalis Spin. and M. rotundata (F.) are two related species from Eurasia that, via different routes, have colonised the north of the Ameri- can continent. The former has been reported in the U.S.A. and Canada since the 1980’s while presence of the latter has been recorded since the 1930's (Cooper, 1984; Eves, 1982; Hurd, 1954; Stephen & Torchio, 1961). Coelioxys rufocaudata Sm. is associated with these species phylogenetically and through its cleptoparasitic activity. It parasitizes principally M. rotundata (Asensio, 1982), although to a lesser extent its presence has also been detected in nests of M. apicalis (Torres, 1992). This cleptoparasite is the main menace to the natural populations of M. rotundata (Asensio & Rodriguez, 1972; Carré & Py, 1981; Manninger, 1972; Tasei, 1975), although in North America it is no more than a second-order natural enemy (Waters, 1971).
The commercial interest in M. rotundata as an alfalfa pollinator, has re- sulted in several studies about its biology, nesting behavior and embryogen- esis (Gerber & Klostermeyer, 1972; Klostermeyer, 1982; Klostermeyer et al. 1973). To a lesser extent, the same is the case of M. apicalis. At locations where the populations of both species overlap, competition for nesting holes has been observed (Trostle & Torchio, 1994). Life history data are also avail- able for Coelioxys rufocaudata (Carré & Py, 1981). However, no studies about the morphology of the mature larvae of any of the species have been con- ducted. Here we characterize the morphology of the mature larvae of all three species.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We studied ten postdefecating larvae of M. apicalis collected at Barrios de
1 Received August 10, 1999. Accepted August 16, 2000.
2 Unidad de Zoologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071-Salamanca, Spain.
ENT. NEWS 112(2): 73-84, March & April, 2001
JUN QO 7 2uUl SIBRARIES
74 CENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Sala, Leon, Spain (reference 9502001) and Villarino de los Aires, Salamanca, Spain (references 950401 and 950505); twelve postdefecating larvae of M. rotundata collected at Barrios de Sala (reference 9501014) and from a Cana- dian commercial origin; and ten postdefecating larvae of C. rufocaudata col- lected at Salvatierra de Tormes, Salamanca, Spain (reference 94090801013) and Villarino de los Aires (reference 950302). All larvae were obtained from trap-nests established in the field in 1994-1995, except the Canadian larvae.
Both adult and immature specimens are deposited in the Collection of the Departamento de Biologia Animal, Ecologia, Parasitologia y Edafologia of the Universidad de Salamanca, Spain.
Descriptions are based on postdefecating larvae preserved in 70% EtOH, which were cleared in KOH, colored with basic Fuchsine, and were examined in glycerine.
The terminology we use in the descriptions follows that of Eickwort (1973), Michener (1953), and Rozen (1994).
In our use of the term “setiform spicules” we have followed the approach of Rozen (1987). However, the difference between seta and setiform spicule is not always clear, and would be necessary to carry on a detailed histological study to come up with a better distinction between these structures (Rozen, pers. com.).
DESCRIPTIONS OF LARVAE
Megachile apicalis Spinola Figures 1-10.
Body (Fig. 1): C-shaped, robust (length (1) = 11.4mm; width (w) at widest = 3.4mm), with maximum width at abdominal segment IV. Color yellowish white. Intersegmental lines clearly visible on dorsal and ventral areas. Cephalic and caudal annulets with poorly defined separation (but more than in M.rotundata). Middorsal tubercles marked, mainly on abdominal segments I-V. No lateral tubercles. Integument with numerous large setiform spicules (~SOpm) distributed across whole of surface. Abdominal segment X centered on segment IX (Fig. 2). Anus dorsoapical, transverse, with two labia bordering it. Spiracles (height (h) of atrium: range (r) = 69-70um; n = 4; mean (m) = 69.25um; diameter: (d): range (r) = 107-113um, n = 4, mean (m) = 109.5um) without sclerites. Atrium hemispheri- cal (Fig. 5), slightly projecting from integument surface, with spines forming irregular linear groups. Primary tracheal opening narrow, without spines. Subatrium formed by a varying number of chambers with smooth walls.
Head (Fig. 3): (h = 1.24mm; w = 1.22mm). Integument relatively well sclerotized; mandibular apices, labrum and parts of tentorium more pigmented; setae dispersed, rela- tively abundant on pleurostomal areas and on frons; placoid sensilla (pore-like sensilla of Eickwort, 1973) dispersed and scarce. Anterior and posterior tentorial arms, pleurostomal ridge, and hypostomal ridge well developed. Anterior and posterior tentorial pits visible. Parietal bands inconspicuous. Antennal discs (d = 0.57mm) elevated. Antennal papilla (1 = 1.39um; w = 25um) slightly narrowed towards apex, with three small sensilla.
Vertex without protuberances (Fig. 4). Frontoclypeal suture absent. Postoccipital ridge visible but not very marked. Frontoclypeal area smooth, without well defined pore-
Vol. 112, No. 2, March & April, 2001 75
0.5mm
Imm
0.5mm
ny a Ke
ae LE
mn
50um
Figs. 1-5.- Megachile apicalis, mature larva; 1, lateral view: 2, right side view of anal
opening and IX-X abdominal segments; 3, frontal view of head; 4, lateral view of head; 5, spiracle.
76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
0.1mm
Figs. 6-10.- Megachile apicalis, mature larva; 6, frontal view of labrum; 7, frontal view of epipharynx. 8, dorsal view of right mandible; 9, ventral view of right mandible; 10, inner view of right mandible.
Vol. 112, No. 2, March & April, 2001 TT
like sensilla distributed over surface except on central zone; seven dome-shaped sensilla (elevated submarginal sensilla of Eickwort, 1973) on anterior margin (Fig. 6). Labral tubercles absent. Labral margin arcuate and undulating. Epipharynx nonspiculate (Fig. 7) with two pairs of pore-like sensilla.
Mandibles bidentate, with ventral teeth larger (Fig. 8); mandibular apices meeting at mid-line; a strong seta on ventral surface (Fig. 9); edges irregular (Fig. 10); inner concav- ity clearly defined; cusp not developed. Labiomaxillary region projecting in lateral view. Maxillae differentiated from labium, scarcely sclerotised, and with pronounced setae distributed over outer surface, without spicules; cardo and stipes present. Maxillary palpus on apical third of external surface; subapical in lateral view (1 = 35um; w = 18um); two small sensilla on apex. Galeae absent. Labium divided into prementum and postmentum, sparingly sclerotized (although more so than maxillae). Labial palpus (1 = 40um; w = 16um) slightly below salivary lips, narrowing towards apex and with three small sensilla on its end. Salivary lips broad, flattened and prominent. Prementum with numerous strong setae on lower part, on both sides of salivary lips. Hypopharyngeal area nonspiculate, without noteworthy characteristics.
Megachile rotundata (Fabricius) Figures 11-20
Same as M. apicalis except:
Body (Fig. 11): (1 = 9.3mm; w at widest = 3.2mm) with maximum width at abdominal segment VI. Intersegmental lines well marked ventrally, less visible dorsally, and disap- pearing in pleural areas. Small middorsal tubercles on intersegmental zones, mainly marked on middle segments (thoracic I] and abdominal I-VII). Lateral bulging marked, mainly among abdominal segments I-VII. Integument with setiform spicules (~100um) abundant on dorsal surface, lateral tubercles and region ventral to anus; longer on thoracic and last abdominal segments; ventrally, spicules are shorter and scarcer. Anus with two labia bordering it (Fig. 12). Setiform spicules dispersed over surface of abdominal segments IX and X. Large number of tiny spines (~1.5um), mainly ventrolateral to anus, on ventral areas of abdominal segments IX and X. Ventral to anus, at center of segment X, pore-like sensilla in large numbers with a diameter of ~1.5um. Spiracles globular, flattened apically (height: r = 55-57um, n = 4, m = 56.25um; diameter: r = 98-99um, n = 4, m = 98.75mm); atrial walls slightly ringed externally and internally (Fig. 15). Subatrium with tiny spines arranged in small ridged bands inside.
Head (Figs. 13, 14): (h = 1.07 mm, w = 1.28 mm). Setae dispersed, more abundant on genal and frontal areas. Some pore-like sensilla on surface. Antennal papilla (1 = 45m, w = 36.5um).
Labrum presenting setiform and pore-like sensilla irregularly dispersed over whole surface; seven elevated submarginal sensilla in the margin (Fig. 16). Epipharynx with two groups of sensilla (4+4) arranged diagonally to both sides (Fig. 17).
Mandibles (Figs. 18, 19) with parallel longitudinal striae on surface; edges smooth with exception of apex of dorsal tooth, slightly serrated (Fig. 20). No setae on outer surface. Maxillary palpus (1 = 36.5um, w = 19 ym) with three small sensilla visible at apex. Labial palpus (1 = 34.9um, w = 22.2um) with three small sensilla at apex. Ventral surface of labium with more or less dispersed setae. Salivary lips projected strongly in lateral view, occupying slightly more than half of width of prementum.
Coelioxys rufocaudata Smith Figures 21-31
Similar to M. apicalis except: Body (Fig. 21): (1 = 11.1mm; w at widest = 2.9mm) with maximum width at abdomi- nal segment IV. Small middorsal tubercles at intersegmental zone, well marked on ab-
78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
S50um Figs. 11-17.- Megachile rotundata, mature larva; 11, lateral view; 12, right side view of anal opening and IX-X abdominal segments; 13, frontal view of head; 14, lateral view of head; 15, spiracle; 16, frontal view of labrum; 17, frontal view of epipharynx.
Vol. 112, No. 2, March & April, 2001 79
50um
Figs. 18-20.- Megachile rotundata, mature larva; 18, dorsal view of right mandible; 19, ventral view of right mandible; 20, inner view of right mandible.
dominal segments II-V. Small spicules (similar to those seen in M. rotundata) distributed across surface. Abdominal segment IX centered on X (Fig. 22). Abundant setiform spi- cules on abdominal segments IX and X. Spiracles more pigmented than in the other two species described; atrium (height: r = 85-87um, n = 4, m = 86um; diameter: r = 95-96um, n = 4, m = 95.5pum); atrial wall slightly ringed externally and internally; internal wall with abundant spines and denticles of varying length (Fig. 25).
Head (Fig. 23): (h = 1.17mm, w = 1.27mm). Setae and pore-like sensilla scanty and dispersed. Antennae slightly prominent; antennal papilla (1 = 35um; w = 26um) with four small apical sensilla. Vertex more or less uniformly rounded (Fig. 24). Frontoclypeal suture absent. In lateral view, labrum strongly projected towards the exterior, displaying setiform and pore-like sensilla irregularly dispersed over whole surface. Six elevated submarginal sensilla in the margin (Fig. 26). Epipharynx with 11 sensilla arranged on both sides (Fig. 27).
A projection extending downwards immediately behind the mandible can be ob- served in the lateral view.
Mandibles (apices not meeting at midline) with external edge of dorsal tooth serrated at its end (Fig. 29); inner concavity not very deep and marked by a well developed tooth on the cuspal area (Fig. 30); three setae on internal face (adoral) and eight on external face (aboral) (Fig. 31). Maxillary palpus (1 = 32um; w = 16um) with one sensilla at apex. Labial palpus (1 = 50um, w = 17pm) with two small sensilla at apex. Ventral surface of labium with more or less dispersed setae. Hypopharynx smooth, with four pore-like sensilla (Fig. 28).
80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
0.5mm
0.5mm
50um
Figs. 21-25.- Coelioxys rufocaudata, mature larva; 21, lateral view; 22, right side view of anal opening and IX-X abdominal segments; 23, frontal view of head; 24, lateral view of head; 25, spiracle.
Vol. 112, No. 2, March & April, 2001 81
0.1mm Figs. 26-31.- Coelioxys rufocaudata, mature larva; 26, frontal view of labrum; 27, frontal view of epipharynx; 28, frontal view of hypopharynx; 29, dorsal view of right mandible; 30, ventral view of right mandible; 31, inner view of right mandible.
82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
DISCUSSION
Bearing in mind that as mature larvae, the members of the Megachilinae are homogeneous, including even the parasitic forms such as Coelioxys (Baker, 1971; Rozen, 1973), the diagnostic differences among the three species stud- ied are based on minimal variations in morphological characters.
Most previous studies on the larval morphology of different species of Megachile and Coelioxys have been limited to describing the species, with- out establishing any bases by which one species can be distinguished from others (Baker, 1971; Baker et al. 1985; Buysson, 1902; Danks, 1970; Grandi, 1961; King, 1984). Both the previously known larvae and those described here show considerable morphological similarity. Thus, with the rest of the species of Megachile, both M. apicalis and M. rotundata share an abundant body pilosity due to a broad distribution of setiform spicules. Furthermore, in both species the head capsule is round, unlike those of other known species such as M. nigriventris Schenck (Michener, 1953) and M. mendica Cresson (Baker et al. 1985), which have head tubercles, or M. lagopoda (L.), which has depressions on its head (Buysson, 1902).
With M. argentata (F.) and M. centuncularis (L.) (Grandi, 1961), M. apicalis shares the presence of two sensilla on the maxillary palpus and does not show any outstanding characters that allow its specific differentiation.
M. rotundata also shows shared characters with some previously described species, such as lateral tubercles (also present in M. mendica (Baker et al. 1985) and a spiracular subatrium with small spicules (a character shared with M. brevis Say (Michener, 1953) and M. montivaga Cresson (Baker et al. 1985). Additionally, this species has characters that have not been observed in previ- ously described species such as the existence of perianal pore-like sensilla and the presence of microspicules on the tegumental surface. This latter char- acter, however, is shared with C. rufocaudata, although in the case of M. rotundata their presence is restricted to the perianal zone whereas in C. rufocaudata the microspicules are distributed across the whole of the body.
Of the genus Coelioxys, although some immature larval stages, correspond- ing to C. modesta Sm. (Baker et al. 1985) and C. elongata Lep. (Iwata, 1939), are known, only the mature larvae of C. octodentata Say and C. sayi Robertson were known previously (Baker, 1971; Baker et al. 1985; Michener, 1953). Both these species and C. rufocaudata (described here) always have man- dibles with a marked and setose cusp (with a varying number of setae, but always many) and a lateral cephalic projection behind the mandible, as a reminiscence of the well developed head capsule of previous larval stages. Accordingly, these two characters could be taken as valid for a generic separa- tion between the mature larvae of Coelioxys and those of Megachile. In par- ticular, the occurrence of a mandibular cusp and of long labial palpi (both considered primitive (Michener, 1953)), together with the presence of the
Vol. 112, No. 2, March & April, 2001 83
lateral projection on the head, are perhaps the most outstanding characters of C. rufocaudata mature larvae.
Finally, the presence of sensilla on the perianal zone of M. rotundata allows us to add another character to the list of those shared between Megachilidae and Fideliidae established by Rozen (1979) and also between those two groups and Pararhophites (McGinley & Rozen, 1987; Roig-Alsina & Michener, 1993).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are specially grateful to C.D. Michener (Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA) and J.G. Rozen, Jr. (American Museum of Natural History, New York) for revising this manuscript and their helpful comments to improve the final draft.
A grant from research project DGES PB-97-1345 partly supported this study.
LITERATURE CITED
Asensio, E. 1982.- Leafcutter bee management in Spain. Problems of parasitism. In G.H. Rank (ed.) Proc. Ist Int. Symp. Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee management, pp. 57-59. Univ. Saskatchewan Print. Serv. Saskatoon.
Asensio, E. and J.A. Rodriguez. 1972.- Primer informe sobre adaptacién y multiplicacién de la abeja polinizadora de la alfalfa Megachile pacifica (M. rotundata auct. nec Fabricius). An. Inst. Nac. Inv. Agr.. Ser. Prot. Veg. 2: 237-252.
Baker, J.R. 1971.- Development and sexual dimorphism of larvae of the bee genus Coelioxys. Jour. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 44(2): 225-235.
Baker, J.R. E.D. Kuhn, and S.B. Bambara. 1985.- Nests and Immature Stages of Leafcutter Bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Jour. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 58(2): 290-313. Bohart, G.E. 1962.- How to manage the alfalfa leafcutting bee (Megachile rotundata
Fabr.) for alfalfa pollination. Utah Agric. Exp. Sta. Circ. 144. 7pp.
Buysson, R. du. 1902.- Nidification de quelques Mégachiles. Ann. Soc. entomol. Fr. 71: qDIeI5S:
Carré, S. and J.P. Py. 1981.- Coelioxys rufocaudata Sm. (Hymenoptera Megachilidae) cleptoparasite de Megachile rotundata F. (Hymenoptera Megachilidae) pollinisateur de la luzerne. Apidologie, 12: 303-317.
Cooper, K.W. 1984.- Discovery of the first resident population of the European bee, Megachile apicalis, in the United States (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Entomol. News, 95: 225-226.
Danks, H.V. 1970.- Biology of some stem-nesting aculeate Hymenoptera. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London, 122(11): 323-399.
Eickwort, G.C. 1973.- Biology of the European Mason Bee, Hoplitis anthocopoides (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), in New York State. Search: Agriculture, 3: 1-31. Eves, J. 1982.- Evolution of predators, nest destroyers, and parasites of the alfalfa leafcutting bee in the pacific Northwest. In G.H. Rank (ed.) Proc. Ist Int. Symp. Alfalfa Leafcutting
Bee management, pp. 57-59. Univ. Saskatchewan Print. Serv. Saskatoon.
Gerber, H.S. and E.C. Klostermeyer. 1972.- Factors affecting the sex ratio and nesting behavior of the alfalfa leafcutter bee. Wash. Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 73. 11pp.
Grandi, G. 1961.- Studi di un entomologo sugli Imenotteri superiori. Boll. Ist. Entomol. Univ. Bologna, 25: 1-661.
Hobbs, G.A. 1964.- Importing and managing the alfalfa leaf-cutter bee. Canada Dept. Agr. Publ. 1209. 11 pp.
84 ENTOMOLOGiCAL NEWS
Hobbs, G.A. 1967.- Domestication of alfalfa leafcutter bees. Canada Dept. Agr. Publ. 1313. 19pp.
Hurd, P.D. Jr. 1954.- Distributional notes on Eutricharaea, a palearctic subgenus of Megachile, which has become established in the United States. Entomol. News, 65: 93-95.
Iwata, K. 1939.- Biology of Coelioxys elongata Lepeletier. Mushi, 12: 34-40. (in japanese).
King, J. 1984.- Immature stages of some Megachilidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Jour. Austr. Entomol. Soc. 23: 51-57.
Klostermeyer, E.C. 1982.- Biology of the alfalfa leafcutting bee. In G.H. Rank (ed) Proc. Ist Int. Symp. Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee management, pp. 57-59. Univ. Saskatchewan Print. Serv. Saskatoon.
Klostermeyer, E.C. S.J. Mech, Jr. and W. B. Rasmussen. 1973.- Sex and weight of Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) progeny associated with provi- sion weights. Jour. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 46: 536-548.
Krunic, M.D. 1972.- Voltinism in Megachile rotundata (Megachilidae: Hymenoptera) in southern Alberta. Can. Entomol. 104: 185-188.
Manninger, S. 1972.- Parasites of alfalfa leaf-cutter bee, Megachile rotundata F, (M. pacifica Panz.) in Hungary. Novenytermeles, 21: 321-328.
McGinley, R.J. and J.G. Rozen Jr. 1987.- Nesting biology, immature stages, and phylo- genetic placement of the Palaearctic bee, Pararhophites (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Am. Mus. Novitates, 2903: 1-21.
Michener, C.D. 1953.- Comparative morphological and systematic studies of bee larvae with a key to the families of hymenopterous larvae. Univ. Kans. Sc. Bull. 35(8): 987- PLO2:
Roig-Alsina, A. and C.D. Michener. 1993.- Studies of the phylogeny and classification of long-tongued bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Univ. Kans. Sc. Bull. 55: 124-162.
Rozen, J.G. Jr. 1970.- Biology, immature stages, and phylogenetic relationships of Fideliine bees, with the description of a new species of Neofidelia (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Am. Mus. Novitates, 2427: 1-25.
Rozen, J.G. Jr. 1973.- Immature stages of Lithurgine bees with Descriptions of the Megachilidae and Fideliidae based on mature larvae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Am. Mus. Novitates, 2527: 1-14.
Rozen, J.G. Jr. 1987.- Nesting biology of the bee Ashmeadiella holtii and its cleptoparasite, a new species of Stelis (Apoidea: Megachilidae). Am. Mus. Novitates, 2900: 1-10.
Rozen, J.G. Jr. 1994.- Biology and immature stages of some cuckoo bees belonging to Brachynomadini, with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Nomadinae). Am. Mus. Novitates, 3089: 23 pp.
Stephen, W.P. 1987.- Megachile (Eutricharaea) apicalis, an introduced bee with poten- tial as a domesticable alfalfa pollinator. Jour. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 60: 583-584. Stephen, W.P. and P.F. Torchio. 1961.- Biological notes on the leafcutter bee Megachile (Eutricharaea) rotundata (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Pan-Pacific
Entomol. 37: 89-93.
Tasei, J.N. 1975.- Le probléme de |’adaptation de Megachile (Eutricharaea) pacifica Panz. (Megachilidae) americain en France. Apidologie, 6: 1-57.
Torres, F. 1992.- Estudio bdsico sobre la biologia de la apidofauna polinizadora (Hy- menoptera: Apoidea) nidificante en cavidades preestablecidas, en la submeseta norte. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Salamanca, Salamanca. xv + 230pp.
Trostle, G. and P.F. Torchio. 1994.- Comparative nesting behavior and immature devel- opment of Megachile rotundata (Fabricius) and Megachile apicalis Spinola (Hy- menoptera: Megachilidae). Jour. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 67: 53-72.
Waters, N.D. 1971.- Insect enemies of the alfalfa leafcutter bee and their control. Idaho Curr. Inform. Ser. 163.
Vol. 112, No. 2, March & April, 2001 85
CADDISFLY (TRICHOPTERA) RECORDS FROM THE APACHE NATIONAL FOREST, EASTERN ARIZONA!
David C. Houghton2
ABSTRACT: Fifty-one caddisfly species were collected from 14 sites in the Apache National Forest in eastern Arizona during May 1998 and June 1999. Of these, 33 are reported from the forest for the first time, five are recorded from the state for the first time, one is tentatively recorded from the United States for the first time, and three are new to science. The level of discovery of unreported species during this limited study suggests that documentation of much of the Arizona fauna remains incomplete.
The caddisfly fauna of Arizona is not well known; even a basic checklist for the state is yet to be compiled. Regional and watershed-level studies have recently documented undescribed species and state records (Gray 1981, Moulton et al. 1994, Govedich et al. 1996, Ruiter 1996, 1999). Approximately 118 spe- cies are reported from the state, largely through collections made in the 1940s through the 1960s by D. G. Denning and H. H. Ross and through systematic revisions of certain genera (e.g., Flint 1974, 1984, Gordon 1974, Parker and Wiggins 1985). Approximately 176 and 200 species, respectively, are known from the adjacent states of Colorado (Herrmann et al. 1986) and Utah (Baumann and Unzicker 1981).
Arizona shares affinities with both the Nearctic and Neotropical regions due to its geographic location and the presence of the Rocky Mountains. The southwestern one third of the state is composed of the American and Chihuahuan Desert biotic provinces characterized by desert plains below sea level, iso- lated mountain peaks, and a hot arid climate with few permanent streams (Fig- ure 1) (Bailey 1980). The Rocky Mountains pass through the northeastern two thirds of the state and give rise to the Colorado Plateau Semidesert and Mountain Semidesert—Alpine Meadow biotic provinces which have higher elevation and a cooler climate. The latter province is characterized by eleva- tion frequently greater than 3500 m, snowfall during the winter, and cool per- manent mountain streams. The statewide ecological diversity suggests a diverse and interesting fauna although this might be offset somewhat by Arizona’s arid climate.
The Apache National Forest encompasses over one million acres in east- ern Arizona all contained within the Mountain Semidesert—-Alpine Meadow biotic province (Figure 1). The forest’s elevation varies from 1130 to 3710 m and contains habitats ranging from alpine forests and meadows to high desert
1 Received June 5, 2000. Accepted July 25, 2000.
2 Department of Entomology, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Ave., University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108.
ENT. NEWS 112(2): 85-93, March & April, 2001
86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
plateau and chaparral. There has not been a concerted effort to inventory the caddisflies of the forest. To date, 31 species have been reported, largely through piecemeal collections (Table 1). The purpose of this research was to study the summer-emergent caddisflies of the forest in order to increase the knowledge of the overall statewide fauna.
STUDY SITES
Caddisflies were collected from the following 14 sites within the Apache National Forest. Sites 1-12 were located in Apache County; sites 12—14 in Greenlee County. Latitude, longitude, and elevation were recorded at all sites with a handheld GPS unit. Site numbers correspond to those in Table 2 and Figure 1.
Site 1: Mineral Creek, Forest Road 64, N 34.1810°, W 109.6300°, 2438 m
Site 2: Fish Creek, State Highway 260, N 34.0512° W 109.5430°, 2957 m
Site 3: South Fork, Little Colorado River, South Fork Campground, N 34.0782°, W 109.4104°, 2347 m
Site 4: West Fork, Little Colorado River, Forest Road 575, near Greer, N 33.9938°, W 109.4649°, 2713 m
Site 5: Headwaters, East Fork, Little Colorado River, Forest Road 113, N 33.9312°, W 109.4872°, 2530 m
Site 6: East Fork, Black River, Three Forks Crossing, Forest Road 249, N 33.8550°, W 109.3148°, 2530 m
Site 7: Unnamed Spring into Site #6
Site 8: Nutrioso Creek, U.S. Highway 191, N 33.9185°, W 109.1818°, 2469 m
Site 9: West Fork, Black River, West Fork Campground, N 33.7779°, W 109.4048°, 2438 m
Site 10: East Fork, Black River, Forest Road 276, near Aspen Campground, N 33.8044°, W 109.3194°, 2286 m
Site 11: San Francisco River, Luna Lake Spillway, Forest Road 570, N 33.8280°, W 109.0809°, 2408 m
Site 12: Black River Mainstem, Forest Road 25, N 33.7052°, W109.4526°, 2164 m
Site 13: Blue River, Forest Road 281, near Upper Blue Campground, N 33.6635°, W 109.0917°, 1768 m
Site 14: Blue River, Forest Road 475, N 33.2833°, W 109.1833°, 1280 m
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Larvae and pupae were collected by hand-picking from riverine rocks and woody debris from sites 2 and 4—7 in early May 1998, and from site 8 in late June 1999. Some larvae were preserved in 70% EtOH. The remainder were air- transported to Minnesota where they were reared to adult ina 3 m x 0.6m x 0.6 m refrigerated tank with simulated ambient temperature, current, and photo- period.
Adults were collected from sites 1, 3-4, 6, and 8—14 in mid-late June 1999 using either an 8-watt portable ultraviolet light placed over a white enamel pan filled with 70% EtOH, or with two 15-watt ultraviolet lights suspended adja- cent to a white bedsheet with subsequent capture of specimens in a cyanide
Vol. 112, No. 2, March & April, 2001 87
Figure 1. The state of Arizona showing the location of the Apache National Forest and the four biotic provinces occurring within the state, A: American Semidesert and Desert, B: Colorado Plateau, C: Arizona/New Mexico Mountain Semidesert-Alpine Meadow, D: Chihuahuan Desert. Inset: Area of Apache National Forest in greater detail showing collecting localities. Site numbers correspond to Table 2 and “Study Sites” section.
killing jar. Both of these methods were employed shortly before dusk until approximately two hours after dusk. Adults were also collected by diurnal sweeping of riparian vegetation and by passing an aerial net through mating swarms. All specimens mentioned herein are deposited in the University of Minnesota Insect Collection, Saint Paul, Minnesota (UMSP).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 2 summarizes the 51 species collected from the 14 localities and denotes forest, state, and country records. Thirty-three species are reported from the forest for the first time, bringing the known total to 46. Sites were not sampled with equal collecting effort so Table 2 should not be interpreted as an exhaustive site comparison.
Five species are reported from Arizona for the first time, all of which have been collected previously from the western United States. Cheumatopsyche enonis Ross has been reported from Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New
88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming (Gordon 1974, Anderson 1976, Roemhild 1982, Ruiter and Lavigne 1985, Herrmann et al. 1986); Culoptila thoracica (Ross) from Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming (Flint 1974, Baumann and Unzicker 1981, Waltz and McCafferty 1983); Micrasema onisca Ross from California, Nevada, Oregon, and Utah (Ross 1947, Anderson 1976, Chapin 1978, Baumann and Unzicker 1981); Neotrichia osmena Ross from Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming (Blickle 1979, Herrmann et al. 1986); and Protoptila erotica Ross from Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming (Baumann and Unzicker 1981, Roemhild 1982, Waltz and McCafferty 1983, Ruiter and Lavigne 1985, Herrmann et al. 1986). The pres- ence of these species in eastern Arizona is not unexpected and the lack of prior documentation probably reflects infrequent regional collecting.
Oecetis metlacensis Bueno, a common Neotropical species ranging from Costa Rica north through Mexico (Flint et al. 1999), is tentatively reported from both Arizona and the United States for the first time. This species is a component of the Oecetis avara group which has been the source of consider- able taxonomic confusion; species of O. avara (Banks), O. disjuncta (Banks), and O. metlancensis exhibit substantial genitalic similarity (e.g., Smith and Lehmkuhl 1980, Chen 1993, R. J. Blahnik, personal communication). The male genitalia and wing length of specimens collected in this study match those of UMSP specimens of O. metlacensis collected from Costa Rica more closely than they do a selection of United States specimens of O. avara and O. disjuncta. The Arizona specimens do not, however, have the wing spots char- acteristic of all three species and so it is possible that they might represent an additional, undescribed O. avara group species.
Three species new to science were collected in conjunction with this study. Lepidostoma sp. 1 known only from its type locality, Site 13, is currently be- ing described by the author (Houghton in press). The two Neotrichia species are being described by Keth and Harris as part of a review of the genus and are likely to occur in other areas of the southwestern United States (A. C. Keth, personal communication).
Additionally, two other noteworthy species were collected during this study. Ithytrichia mexicana Harris and Contreras was previously known from only five specimens collected from three localities in Arizona, New Mexico, and Tamaulipas, Mexico (Moulton et al. 1999). I collected 128 specimens from Sites 3, 9, and 10 combined suggesting that this species is more common than previously reported. Limnephilus sperryi Banks was known previously from the holotype and allotype collected from “the White Mountains of Arizona” (Banks 1943)—both specimens are now missing (Ruiter 1995)—and from three males collected near Greer, Arizona (near Site #4) in 1962 (Ruiter 1995). I reared a single adult male collected during May 1998 from Site #7, an ephem- eral snowmelt tributary of Site #6.
Vol. 112, No. 2, March & April, 2001
89
Table 1. Caddisflies known from the Apache National Forest prior to 1998 along with the locality reference. All taxa are arranged alphabetically. Specimens were not confirmed.
Taxon Reference APATANIIDAE
Apatania arizonica Wiggins Ruiter 1996 BRACHYCENTRIDAE
Brachycentrus americanus (Banks) Flint 1984
B. occidentalis Banks Flint 1984
GLOSSOSOMATIDAE Culoptila kimminsi Denning C. moselyi Denning Glossosoma ventrale Banks “HY DROBIOSIDAE Atopsyche sperryi Denning HY DROPS YCHIDAE
Cheumatopsyche arizonensis (Ling)
HY DROPTILIDAE
Hydroptila consimilis Morton LEPIDOSTOMATIDAE
Lepidostoma knulli Ross
L. ormeum Ross
L. unicolor (Banks) LEPTOCERIDAE
Oecetis disjuncta (Banks)
Ylodes reuteri MacLachlan LIMNEPHILIDAE
Anabolia bimaculata (Walker)
Clistoronia maculata (Banks)
Hesperophylax magnus Banks
H. occidentalis (Banks)
Limnephilus abbreviatus Banks
L. diversus (Banks)
L. frijole Ross
L. lithus (Milne)
L. moestus Banks
L. sperryi (Banks)
L. spinatus Banks
Onocosmoecus unicolor (Banks) POLYCENTROPODIDAE
Polycentropus arizonensis Banks
P. gertschi Denning RHYACOPHILIDAE
Rhyacophila rotunda Banks SERICOSTOMATIDAE
Gumaga griseola (MacLachlan) UENOIDAE
Oligophlebodes minutus (Banks)
Denning 1965 Denning 1965
Ruiter
1996
Moulton et al. 1994
Gordon 1974
Ross 1944
Moulton et al. 1994
Ruiter Ruiter
Ruiter
1996 1996
1996
Glover 1996
Ruiter Banks Parker Parker Ruiter Ruiter Ruiter Ruiter Ruiter Ruiter Ruiter Ruiter
Ruiter Ruiter
Ruiter
Ruiter
1996 1943 and Wiggins 1985 and Wiggins 1985 1996 1996 1995 1995 1996 1995 1995 1996
1995 1996
1996
1996
Moulton et al. 1994
90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Table 2. The 51 caddisfly species collected from 14 sites within the Apache National Forest, eastern Arizona in 1998 and 1999, All taxa are arranged alphabetically. Forest, state, and national records denoted by single, double and triple asterisks, respectively. Undescribed taxa are in boldface type. Site numbers correspond with those in Figure 1 and in the “Study Sites” section.
Site Taxon 123 45 67 8 9 1011121314
BRACHYCENTRIDAE
Brachycentrus americanus (Banks) 4
B. occidentalis Banks XxX
Micrasema onisca Ross ** 4 CALAMOCERATIDAE
Phylloicus aeneus (Hagen) * Xx GLOSSOSOMATIDAE
Culoptila cantha (Ross) *
C. moselyi Denning X
C. thoracia (Ross) ** xX
Glossosoma ventrale Banks »4 XxX X X X
Protoptila erotica Ross ** HELICOPS YCHIDAE
Helicopsyche borealis (Hagen) * X
H. mexicana Banks * x HYDROBIOSIDAE
Atopsyche sperryi Denning HY DROPS YCHIDAE
Cheumatopsyche arizonensis (Ling)
C. enonis Ross **
C. pinula Denning *
Hydropsyche auricolor Ulmer *
H. occidentalis Banks *
H. oslari Banks * xX X
H. venada Ross * xX
Smicridea dispar (Banks) * x HYDROPTILIDAE
Hydroptila arctia Ross *
H. hamata Morton *
H. rono Ross *
Ithytrichia mexicana Harris & Contreras*
Neotrichia sp. 1 xX
N. sp. 2 X
N. osmena Ross **
Ochrotrichia dactylophora Flint * xX
O. ildria Denning & Blickle * X
O. stylata (Ross) *
Zumatrichia notosa (Ross) * LEPIDOSTOMATIDAE
Lepidostoma sp. 1 X
L. knulli Ross 4 4
L. ormeum Ross Xx
x Ke KK xxx x KK KM MK
Po *
mK mK MK x K KK
x KKK * ~*~
Vol. 112, No. 2, March & April, 2001
Table 2 (continued)
Taxon
1
Site
91
23 45 67 8 9 1011121314
LEPTOCERIDAE
Nectopsyche stigmatica (Banks) *
Oecetis disjuncta (Banks)
O. metlacensis Bueno ***
Ylodes reuteri (MacLachlan) LIMNEPHILIDAE
Clistoronia maculata (Banks)
Hesperophylax magnus Banks
H. occidentalis (Banks)
Limnephilus lithus (Milne)
L. sperryi (Banks) ODONTOCERIDAE
Marilia flexuosa Ulmer * PHILOPOTAMIDAE
Chimarra ridleyi Denning *
C. utahensis Ross * POLYCENTROPODIDAE
Polycentropus arizonensis Banks
P. halidus Milne * PSYCHOMYIIDAE
Psychomyia flavida Hagen * SERICOSTOMATIDAE
Gumaga griseola (MacLachlan) UENOIDAE
X X X xX X X xX XK X xX X X xX X xX X xX xX X X
xX xX xX
Oligophlebodes minutus (Banks)
Approximately 18% (9 of 51) of the caddisflies collected during this study were previously unknown from Arizona. Other recent regional inventories in the state have had discovery levels of 20% (10 of 49) (Moulton et al. 1994) and 18% (7 of 40) (Ruiter 1996). The discovery of 26 state species records for Arizona in these three limited studies confirms the lack of taxonomic knowl- edge of the Arizona caddisfly fauna. A total of 124 species have now been reported from the state. There are likely many additional Arizona species and records awaiting discovery in this ecologically diverse state.
92 ENTOMOLOGiCAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
J. Ward, Springerville Ranger District, Springerville, Arizona, provided collecting permits 2107-01 and 2107-02 as well as advice on collecting localities. R. M. Newman, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Minnesota, allowed use of his rearing facilities. R. J. Blahnik, C. R. Parker, and D. E. Ruiter each examined certain specimens and helped confirm the identity of several species. V. F. Lee, California Academy of Sciences, and C. Favret, Illinois Natural History Survey, made available several holotypes. The comments of R. W. Holzenthal, A. L. Prather, and two anonymous reviewers improved earlier versions of the manuscript. This re- search was supported by grants from the James W. Wilkie Fund for Natural History, James Ford Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota; the Theodore Roosevelt Fund, Ameri- can Museum of Natural History; and additional support from the University of Minnesota Insect Collection. To all the preceding individuals and institutions I extend my sincere appreciation. This is paper number 00-117-0019, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experi- mental Station, Saint Paul, Minnesota.
LITERATURE CITED
Anderson, N. H. 1976. The distribution and biology of the Oregon Trichoptera. Oreg. Agr. Exper. Sta. Tech. Bull. 134. 152 pp.
Bailey, R. G. 1980. Ecoregions of the United States. U.S. For. Serv. Misc. Publ. 1391. 78 pp.
Banks, N. 1943. Notes and descriptions of Nearctic Trichoptera. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 92: 341-381.
Baumann, R. W., and J. D. Unzicker. 1981. Preliminary checklist of Utah caddisflies (Trichoptera). Encyclia 58: 25-29.
Blickle, R. L. 1979. Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of America north of Mexico. New Hamp. Agr. Exper. Sta. Tech. Bull. 509. 97 pp.
Chapin, J. W. 1978. Systematics of Nearctic Micrasema (Trichoptera: Brachycentridae). Unpubl. Ph.D. Dissertation, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC. 136 pp.
Chen, Y. E. 1993. Revision of the Oecetis (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) of the world. Unpubl. Ph.D. Dissertation, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC. 704 pp.
Denning, D. G. 1965. New Trichoptera from United States and Mexico. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 41: 262-272.
Flint, O. S., Jr. 1974a. The genus Culoptila in the United States, with two new combinations (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 76: 284.
Flint, O. S., Jr. 1974b. Studies of Neotropical caddisflies XVII: The genus Smicridea from North and Central America (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Smiths. Contr. Zool. 167. 65 pp.
Flint, O. S., Jr. 1984. The genus Brachycentrus in North America, with a proposed phylogeny of the genera of Brachycentridae (Trichoptera). Smiths. Contr. Zool. 398. 58 pp.
Flint, O. S., Jr., R. W. Holzenthal, and S. C. Harris. 1999. Catalog of the Neotropical caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera). Ohio Biol. Surv., Columbus. iv. + 239 pp.
Glover, J. B. 1996. Larvae of the caddisfly genera Triaenodes and Ylodes (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) in North America. Bull. Ohio Biol. Surv. New Ser. 11. 89 pp.
Gordon, A. E. 1974. A synopsis and phylogenetic outline of the Nearctic members of Cheuma- topsyche. Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 126: 117-160.
Govedich, F., G. Oberlin, and D. W. Blinn. 1996. Comparison of channel and hyporheic inver- tebrate communities in a southwestern USA desert stream. J. Freshw. Ecol. 11: 201-209.
Gray, L. J. 1981. Species composition and life histories of aquatic insects in a lowland Sonoran Desert stream. Amer. Mid]. Nat. 106: 229-242.
Herrmann, S. J., D. E. Ruiter, and J. D. Unzicker. 1986. Distribution and records of Colorado Trichoptera. Southw. Nat. 31: 421-457.
Houghton, D. C. in press. Two new species of Lepidostoma Rambur (Trichoptera: Lepi- dostomatidae) from the western United States. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.
Vol. 112, No. 2, March & April, 2001 93
Moulton, S. R. Il, K. W. Stewart, and K. L. Young. 1994. New records, distribution and taxonomic status of some northern Arizona caddisflies (Trichoptera). Entomol. News 105: 164-174.
Moulton, S. R. II, S. C. Harris, and J. Slusark. 1999. The microcaddisfly genus /thytrichia Eaton (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) in North America. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 101: 233- 241.
Parker, C. R., and G. B. Wiggins. 1985. The Nearctic caddisfly genus Hesperophylax Banks (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Can. J. Zool. 63: 2443-2472.
Roemhild, G. 1982. The Trichoptera of Montana with distributional and ecological notes. Northw. Sci. 56: 8-13.
Ross, H. H. 1944. The caddis flies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois. Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. 23. 326 pp.
Ross, H. H. 1947. Descriptions and records of North American Trichoptera, with synoptic notes. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 73: 125-176.
Ruiter, D. E. 1995. The adult Limnephilus Leach (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) of the New World. Ohio Biol. Surv. Bull. New Ser. 11. iv + 200 pp.
Ruiter, D. E. 1996. Initial list of Trichoptera collected in the USA by 1995 symposium partici- pants. Braueria 23: 10-12.
Ruiter, D. E. 1999. A new species and new synonym in the genus Psychoronia (Limnephilidae), with significant records for caddisflies (Trichoptera) from western North America. Great Basin Nat. 59: 160-168.
Ruiter, D. E., and R. J. Lavigne. 1985. Distribution of Wyoming Trichoptera. Univ. of Wyom. Agr. Exper. Sta. Publ. 5 M 47. 102 pp.
Smith, D. H., and D. M. Lehmkuhl. 1980. Analysis of two problematic North American caddisfly species: Oecetis avara (Banks) and Oecetis disjuncta (Banks) (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae). Quest. Entomol. 16: 641-656.
Waltz, R. D., and W. P. McCafferty. 1983. New caddisfly records for New Mexico (Insecta: Trichoptera). Southw. Nat. 28: 413-415.
94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
GENERA OF PSOCOPTERA NEW TO MEXICO! Alfonso Neri Garcia Aldrete2
ABSTRACT: Descriptions of one new species each, in the genera Nepticulomima and Seopsocus, and a record of Nadleria mariateresae are here presented. The specimens studied were collected by canopy fogging in the Lacandonian forest, Chiapas, México. These three genera of psocids had not previously been recorded in México. The types are deposited in the National Insect Collection, Instituto de Biologia, UNAM., México City.
RESUMEN: Se presentan en éste trabajo descripciones de especies de los géneros Nepti- culomima y Seopsocus, y un registro de Nadleria mariateresae. Los ejemplares estudiados fueron colectados mediante nebulizacion insecticida del dosel de Arboles en la selva Lacandona, en Chiapas. Los tres géneros de psécidos no habian sido registrados previamente en México. Los tipos de las especies descritas estan depositados en la Coleccién Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de Biologia, UNAM., México, D. F.
The psocid fauna of Mexico consists of 646 species, in 97 genera and 31 families (Mockford & Garcia Aldrete 1996). This paper documents the pres- ence in Mexico of three additional genera, previously unrecorded in the coun- try: Nepticulomima, Seopsocus and Nadleria. Species of the first one are diverse in the Oriental-West Pacific Region, where 14 species have been recorded; there are three Neotropical species (two Brazilian and one in the Galapagos Archipelago); two Australian and one Ethiopian; besides, one undescribed species each are known in peninsular Florida, Dominican Repub- lic, Nicaragua and Ecuador. All the described species of Seopsocus are Brazil- ian, although several undescribed species are known in the Tambopata Reserved Zone, in the Peruvian Amazonia (Smithsonian Institution Canopy Fogging Project, conducted by Terry Erwin; unpublished results), and in Ama- zonian Ecuador, collected also by Terry Erwin. The four described species of Nadleria occur in the Amazon Basin, one of them extending its range to Trinidad (Garcia Aldrete 1996); one additional undescribed species occurs in Amazonian Ecuador (unpublished results). Presently then, 100 of the 277 described genera of Psocoptera (36%), and 649 species (ca. 8% of the world psocid fauna) occur in Mexico, a fact that gives another indication of the biological megadiversity of the country.
In the descriptions presented below, color was recorded by observation of the specimen with a stereoscopic microscope at 100X, under direct yellow light.
Measurements, given in microns, are the usual, (cf. Garcia Aldrete 1990, 1999) and were taken on parts mounted on slides in Euparal, with a filar micrometer whose measuring unit is 1.53 microns for wings and 0.53 microns
1 Received January 25, 2000. Accepted October 23, 2000.
2 Instituto de Biologia, UNAM, Departamento de Zoologia, Apartado Postal 70-153, 04510 México, D.F. México. e-mail: anga@servidor.unam.mx
ENT. NEWS 112(2): 94-100, March & April, 2001
Vol. 112, No. 2, March & April, 2001 o5
for other parts. The types of the species here described are deposited in the National Insect Collection, Zoology Department, Instituto de Biologia, UNAM, México City.
Lepidopsocidae
Nepticulomima campechensis, NEW SPECIES (9 ) (Figs. 1-7)
Female. Color (in 80% alcohol). Reddish brown. Compound eyes black, ocelli hya- line, with ochre contripetal crescents. On each genae, a reddish brown band from lower rim of compound eye to lower gena, next to antennal fossae, without enclosing them. A pale slender band across frons, bordered by ochre pigmented spots, having 3rd ocellus as center. Antennae and maxillary palps pale brown. Legs brown, femora with reddish brown area on anterior margin and apex; tibiae with dark brown bands near proximal and distal apices. Fore wing pale brown, clothed with brown scales. Hind wing hyaline, slightly fumose.
Morphology. Lacinial apex tridentate (Fig. 3). Fore and hind wing venation (Fig. 2). First valvulae of gonapophyses short, slender, slightly dilated distally (Fig. 4). Third valvulae elongate, stout, wide in the middle, setose as illustrated (Fig. 4). Sclerite of spermathecal duct (Fig. 5) arched, with arms more pigmented than apex. Paraprocts (Fig. 6), elongate, slender, setose, with seven trichobothria on sensory field, one without basal rosette. Epiproct (Fig.7), with base wide and sides converging to round apex; setal field as illustrated.
Measurements. FW: 2344, HW: 1893, F: 641, T: 1113, ty: 413, tg: 72, tz: 66, ctty: 18, Mx4: 126, fy: 111, f2: 106, f3: 103, f4: 109, f5: 92, fg: 64, f7: 66, fg: 70, 10: 39, D: 318, da165; 10/D2 1:23; PO: 0:52.
Type Locality. MEXICO. Campeche. Ca. Zoh—Laguna, 18°35’N, 89°25’W, 327m., next Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, 25.1X.1997, on surface of abandoned termite nest, holotype Q, paratype Q; Malaise trap, three paratypes (23-24.1X.1997), light trap, one paratype (23.1X.1997); beating shrubs with dead, hanging leaves, one paratype (23.1X.1997).
Comments. N. campechensis is the first species of its genus to be recorded in Mexico. The genus presently includes 20 described recent spe- cies, and a fossil one (N. mortua [Hagen], from Zanzibar), plus several undescribed ones, from peninsular Florida, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua and Ecuador. The genus is quite diverse in the Oriental-West Pacific region, where 14 species occur. The neotropics follow in species richness, with seven species; two species are known in Australia, and one species occurs in Africa (New 1975a, 1975b; Smithers 1967, 1992; Thornton 1981, Thornton, Lee & Chui 1972, Thornton & Woo 1973; Vaughan, Thornton & New 1989, 1991).
Most of the described species of Nepticulomima (18) are known from females only. The male sex is known only in the African N. hosemanni (Enderlein), and in the Australian N. saltuaria Smithers. Both males and females are quite homogeneous morphologically, and the species in the genus have been separated in the past by small wing venation features or by differ- ences in facial pattern. The sclerite of the spermathecal duct varies inter spe- cies, and constitutes a good diagnostic character, but other than for N. hosemanni, it has not been described for other species (cf. Badonnel 1979,
96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Fig. 17). The pretarsal claw’s pulvillus presents two character states: broad (in N. orientalis New, N. pulvillata New, N. saltuaria Smithers, and N. scottiana Enderlein), or slender, pointed (in undescribed species from Florida, Domini- can Republic, Nicaragua, Ecuador, and in N. campechensis); the character state is not known in the other described species.
N. campechensis differs from the Micronesians N. bothriata and N. lineata (Thornton, Lee & Chui 1972), by not having groups of sockets in the fore wing membrane. It differs from N. orientalis New, N. pulvillata New, N. saltuaria
Figures 1-7. Nepticulomima campechensis n. sp. (Female). 1. Front view of head. 2. Fore and hind wings. 3. Apex of right lacinia. 4. Gonapophyses. 5. Sclerite of spermathecal duct. 6. Left paraproct. 7. Epiproct. Scales in mm.
Vol. 112, No. 2, March & April, 2001 OF
paraproct. 7. Epiproct. Scales in mm.
Smithers, and N. scottiana Enderlein, in having the pulvillus of the pretarsal claw slender and pointed, and from all the others ( NV. biroiana [Enderlein], N. brasiliensis [Enderlein], N. cavagnaroi Thornton & Woo, N. chalcomelas Enderlein, N. essigkeana Enderlein, N. hosemanni [Enderlein], N. jacobsoni Enderlein, N. latisqueama Enderlein, N. lusiae Thornton, N. penicillata Enderlein, N. sakuntala Enderlein, N. sumatrensis Vaughan, Thornton & New, N. tridentata Smithers, and N. uniformis Vaughan, Thornton & New), in the distinct facial pattern (Fig. 1), unique in the genus.
Amphientomidae
Seopsocus lacandonicus, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 8-18)
Female. Color. (in 80% alcohol). Body reddish brown. Compound eyes black, with horizontal banding; head pattern as in Fig. 8, ocelli ringed in dark purplish brown. Scape and pedicel reddish brown; flagellum medium brown. Legs brown, coxae with ochre ir- regular spots, trochanters white, femora with ochre large areas on outer surface, tibiae distally with an ochre band, tarsomeres brown. Thoracic pleurae with an irregular ochre band next to coxae. Forewing (Fig. 9) medium brown, fumose, veins on distal half dark brown. Colorless marginal spots on cells Ry, R3, R5, Mj, M2, and M3. Hindwing (Fig. 9), almost hyaline, unmarked, with slight reddish brown wash, veins dark brown. Abdomen with ochre transverse bands. Subgenital plate, clunium, paraprocts, and epiproct medium brown.